Modernization theory Essay Example for Free

Modernization possible action EssayModernization supposition focuses on the main idea that the surgeryes which the currently true countries went through be vital to achieving learning in the under authentic and ontogeny countries. Modernization is thought to take place in five stages according to the Rostows stage theory (Rostow 1960), namely The traditional society Take-off preconditions Take-off Drive to maturity High mass consumption ageThe modernization theory is based on the idea of human progress according to Carneiro (2003) although according to Jones (1985) and McNeill (1990), the idea of human progress seemed unrealistic so long as man did non importantly influence the natural environment and as long as there was no perceptible change in the agrarian economies from one generation to the next. The developed countries are to serve an important role in helping the ontogenesis countries to achieve their level of development and serve as examples.Modernization traces its origin in the enlightenment era with the focus that progress in technology would help man all overcome the challenges that the nature posed and man would have control over nature. Condorcet (1979) argued that moral values of people would change through economic development and technological progress, and therefore linked heathen change to economic development. Rostow (1961) argued that the economic intensity in the countries of low incomes is hampered by their social institutions and traditional cultural values.In these countries large population do not allow the individuals to save, as does the lack of hale work ethic (Giddens, Griffiths2006). fit in to the Marxist version of the modernization theory, early industrial society was characterized by exploitation. Growth of the developing countries would issuance from the use of fostering and technology. Allocation of resources in the developing countries in an irrational manner was linked to the drawback in the in dustrialization of these countries.In order for a farming to develop, it was necessary to score the cultural, institutional and organizational roadblocks on its way to modernization and allocate resources rationally. Modernization is, according to Inglehart Welzel (2005), a process of the development of human where development of the parsimoniousness triggers cultural changes which make democracy, gender equality, and individual autonomy increasingly possible.In addition to bringing out the root causes of the problems existing in the underdeveloped or developing countries, the theory also can help countries focus on means and ways of alleviating poverty by emulating the already developed countries. The theory puts strength to the detail that development is reachable, even by the underdeveloped and the developing nations and therefore can help the latter to put efforts to reach the developed introduction.The theory explains an important address why the developing countries can not wake up one day and expect to see themselves developed, but that to achieve development, a particular process is followed-building the sub-processes in this process is of paramount importance to the countries of low economy. Dependency theory can be defined as an explanation of the development of the economy of a countrys or states development policy as influenced by the outside forces of cultural, economical, and political aspects (Sunkel, 1969).It is a system through which the developmental possibilities of the subordinate countries are disadvantaged and conditioned by the economic expansion and development of another country (Dos Santos, 1971). Dependency theory emanated in the 1950s with Raul Prebisch who was the director of the United Nations economical Commission for Latin the States and together with his colleagues was not comfortable with the way the developed economy in the developed nations failed to lead to growth in the poorer countries.According to him, the poorer countries exported the raw materials to the developed countries and yet received the same goods as processed goods and the earnings from the exports was not enough to fund the imports. Prebisch offered a solution for the poor countries to alternate(a) imports and avoid use of their unlike reserves to purchase for imports of manufactured goods. Import substitution was hard to follow because of obstacles that were facing the poorer countries.These included the possibility or magnate of controlling their exports of primary products political will as concerning desire or possibility to shifting from producing primary goods and the inability of the small internal markets of the poorer countries which made them unable(p) to support the economies of scale used by the richer countries to keep their prices low. International capitalism has been mentioned as the force causing dependency relationship According to Gunder (1972), contemporary underdevelopment is as a result of continued rela tionships-economic or others-between the developed and the poorer countries.Unlike imperialism which explains dominant state expansion, dependency explains underdevelopment-the result of imperialism. Dependency theory was developed as a result of combination of economic doctrine called structuralism, and Marxist sociology. It blamed the US intervention and the role of the Latin America in the world economy as failing to achieve development and its political authoritarianism as a result of its role in exporting raw materials in the world economy.America was said to suffer deterioration in the scathe of trade by experiencing cheaper exports due to low wage resulting from surplus labor, and more expensive imports because, instead of the productiveness gains being passed on as lower prices, they were going to the increasingly monopolistic industrial firms. Latin America would therefore, because of this free trade, not be able to wrap up surplus capital required to industrialize.The d ifference between developed and underdeveloped economies was said not simply to be on state of the system of outturn, or simple difference of stage, but also to be of position or function within a single international economic structure of production and distribution. Poverty of the countries was blamed for the richness of some others, not because of any failure (Reid, 2007). Social exclusion of masses as a result of domination of the economy through industrial monopolies yielded to urbanization void of industrialization (Reid, 2007).As a payment to investments, the foreign investors required that the state discipline those demanding high wages leading(p) to military dictatorship. Although their diverging points on the theory, there is an agreement in issues like the influence of external forces that developed world use to extend their interests abroad which includes foreign aids, communications, multinational corporations and other tools. In all the definitions there is an agree ment that there exist two sets of states the dominant and the dependent, centre and the periphery, the metropolitan and the satellite.All of the definitions point to desirableness of the relationship between the dominant and the dynamic country since the interactions between them tend to reinforce and intensify the unfair patterns (Ferraro, 1996). Like the Modernization theory which can be considered to be developed by different people, the dependency theory also is said to have arisen in three principle facial expressions. According to Reid (2007) the first capitulum formulation of the dependency theory focused on formal and institutional relationships such as trade relations and foreign trade, as factors which were sources to dependency.The second formulation treated the theory as a subfield of the refined imperialism theory of the Leninist and the analysis of capitalism by Marxist. The third formulation dealt with the two previous definitions. The theory has aid in shedding light as concerns the exploitation existing in the monopolistic world market where countries with strong economies try to dominate over those with shaky economies and create a monopolistic effect of trade.Continued use of foreign aid to the poor nations, which has seen countries being over-reliance to donors, has left poor countries with no solid alternatives than to crisp loyalty to the developing nations. The theory has helped in enumerating the disadvantages that can be acquired from capitalism especially where the capitalism is the influence to the establishment of relations between countries. The theory was criticized as eroding Latin Americans belief in selves, according to Lawrence Harrison, in addition to patronizing and paralyzing Latin America.The formulations were attacked as ignoring or undermining the other causes of underdevelopment such as internal social and cultural factors and were neglect of culture, race, gender and ethnicity. Besides, there were some countries like Asian countries which developed purely on a laissez-faire(prenominal) system, and countries like Taiwan and South Korea developed through the ideas that have been propelled in the development theory (Dependency verses Dependency theory). The theory has been blamed as indicating that for a country to succeed, it should join others who have succeeded in the exploitation of some, even if it does this on a regional level.It has been termed to be a strategy left only for the smaller third world countries with no real alternative market, and is no strategy at all. The dependency theory work has been blamed also for criticizing development in the third world, indicating that such development builds a society different from that at the core (developed world) and that there is no way the resulting society can be as that at the core. Development in the third world can be best described, as the dependency theory points out, development of underdeveloped and not as the advertised develop ment.The similarities between the two theories can summarized as follows Both theories concern themselves with the relationship between the underdeveloped and the developing with the developed countries. While the modernization theory is concerned with the view that the developed countries should serve as an example to the developing or underdeveloped countries for development purposes, the dependency theory explains the development of the country in relation to the outside forces or influences which may be as a result of the activities of the developed countries.Both therefore deal with and recognize that there exist the relationship between thee two types of countries. Both theories are consent to the idea that the developed countries have a superior hand in terms of the economy, over the developing or the underdeveloped world. The difference in this area is that the dependency theory seems to indicate an unfair dominance of the developed economies over the developing or underde veloped ones, whereas the modernization theory views the relationship as health-that the developed economies can assist the underdeveloped or the developing ones Both theories do not give a one-sided explanation as concerns the causes of the low economic status in the developing or underdeveloped countries. While the modernization theory gives a critical look at the reason for the poor economic status of the developing or underdeveloped nations as being a result of the problems already existing such as overpopulation and lack of work ethics, it may be seen as neglecting the role of the developed economies in the resulting economic problems of the third joint countries.In its explanation to the resulting economic difficulties in the third world, dependency theory has leaned unfairly away from the role played by the third world countries in resulting to their own economic problems. It has been blamed, as seen earlier, as neglecting the social economic factors that contribute to econo mic problems in third world countries. It can be seen to be unfairly explaining the problem as a result to exploitation and external forces. There are a range of modifications or disagreements arising among scholars in the development of the two theories new(prenominal) differences While the modernization theory seems to explain the causes of poor economy in the third world as the result of the activities of the countries themselves for example through poor allotment of resources, and with a view to solving it, the dependency theory can largely be described as a criticism to the developed countries as being the cause to the problems of the economy in the third world. The modernization theory focuses on the internal causes of the poor economy in the third world, but the dependency theory focuses on the external influences The dependency theory is devoid of a clean sheet and proper strategy of solving the economic problem of the third world in a non fair market, to the event that i t has been described as a no strategy at all. The modernization theory presents a way of solving the problems of economy affecting the third world such as substitution of imports, advance in use of technology and further education to reform economy.References Andre Gunder Frank, The Development of Underdevelopment, in James D. Cockcroft, Andre Gunder Frank, and Dale Johnson, eds., Dependence and Underdevelopment. Garden City, New York Anchor Books, 1972, p. 3. Development verses Dependency theory Retrieved November 13, 2008 from http//www. revision-notes. co. uk/revision/619. html Dos Santos Theotonio. The Structure of Dependence, in K. T. Fann and Donald C. Hodges, eds. , Readings in U. S. Imperialism. Boston Porter Sargent, 1971, p. 226 Ferraro Vincent. Dependency Theory An Introduction. July 1996. Retrieved November 13, 2008 from http//www. mtholyoke. edu/acad/intrel/depend. htm Giddens Anthony Simon Griffiths. (2006).Sociology. Polity Hogan Michael, Thomas Paterson. (2004). Ex plaining the History of American Foreign Relations. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press Inglehart Ronald Christian Welzel. (2005). Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy The benevolent Development Sequence. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Reid Michael. Forgotten Continent The Battle for Latin Americas Soul. Yale Yale University Press Sunkel Svaldo. National Development Policy and External Dependence in Latin America, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 6, no. 1, October 1969, p. 23

Superconductors & physicist Essay Example for Free

overseer theatre directors physicist EssaySuperconductivity was discovered by a Dutch physicist Kammerlingh Onnes in 1911 while studying resistivity of mercury at low temperature (Halliday 1999). To his surprise he found that below a temperature of about 4K mercury suddenly lost all its resistivity that was named by him as a superconductor. Conductors are those substances through which electricity pass to a larger extent. Superconductors are conductors that lose their resistance at a very low temperature.Every conductor possesses resistivity up to a certain extent whereas superconductors lose their resistivity at low temperature. Superconductors are conductors with zero resistance. Functions and Applications at once superconductors are used by scientists in making different things like noise reduction filters, communication satellites, mobile signal receivers, and other sophisticated and important machines which are extremely effectual to us. Extensive researches are being ca rried out to design superconductors and ceramics to be used future for communication technology (Klauda 2000).Several experiments are conducted to go the possibility of cryogenic and high-temperature superconductor technology for use in base transceiver stations (BTSs) and communication satellites for global mobile communication (Klauda 2000). Super conductors has helped a lot in the medical battlefield by saving and diagnosing a lot of disorders in the human body like introducing MRI(magnetic resonance imaging) in which image is made of the inner excellent parts of the human body such as brain, stomach etc (Uses for Superconductors).Super conductors have as well as played a major role in advancing the transport system by replacing the huge electromagnets with super conducting magnets thus making it faster. A train operating on super conducting magnet win an unbelievable speed of 361 mph (Uses for Superconductors). Electric generators composed of super conductors are of great importance because they are much better than the ordinary and typical generators. Super conducting generators produce much more electricity than ordinary generators.Nowadays efforts are made to commercialize these generators in order to fulfill the energy need of the world. Nowadays superconducting transformers have withal been introduced to the world. In some countries underground cables including copper are replaced by superconductors making it more efficient than ordinary copper cables. Modern calculations reveal that supper conducting cables are 7000% efficient than ordinary copper cables (Uses for Superconductors).It is believed that in the next decade superconductors will replace electrical appliances in which copper is used. Super conductors are also used in industry to make Ultra high performance filters. Future of Superconductors Superconductors are of high utility in the future. Beside benefits there are also some drawbacks of using superconductors on a larger scale. Supe rconducting magnets are hazardous to human health thus restricting the commercial usage of MAGLEV vehicles (Uses for Superconductors). some other hitch in the wide usage of superconductivity is its high cost that for several decades restricted the functions of superconductors. Since superconductivity is attainable only at a very low temperature that is achieved in a bath of liquid helium. Since helium is found in very little quantity in the atmosphere is therefore, extremely costly limiting the functionality. afterwards decades of hectic research, liquid nitrogen has replaced helium lowering the cost to a greater extent.ReferencesHalliday, David. (1999). Physics (Vol.2 Extended Version, 4th Ed).Robert Resnick, Kenneth S Krane. John. John Wiley Sons, Inc. New York Klauda, Matthias. (July 2000). Superconductors and cryogenics for Future Communication Systems. Tobias Kasser, Bernd Mayer, Christian Neumann, Frank Schnell, Bachitor Aminov, Arno Baumfalk, Heinz Chaloupka, Serguei Koles ov, Helmut Piel, Norbert Klein, Stefan Schornstein, and Martin Bareiss. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 48, no. 7, 1227 Uses for Superconductors. Accessed August 19, 2008 http//superconductors. org/Uses. htm

The Effects Of War On Humanity

The Effects Of War On HumanityA dictionary definition of War is a state of open, armed, often prolonged conflict carried on between nations, states, or parties. Whilst this definition is clear enough it does not come determination to exploring the true meaning of compete in terms of emotions and the do of state of war on servicemanity as detailed throughout hi fabrication by the poets. Wars prior to 1914 ache inspired poets to record for posterity the grime toilsome facts of conflict and the impact on lives While ravens and kites peck at humans entrails (Li Po or Li Bais Nefarious War). Other poets energise apply war to stimulate their au choke offnce, maybe to take up arms When can their glory fleet? O the wild charge they made (Alfred Lord Tenny tidingss The flush of the Light Brigade), while others turn in affaird poetry to record glorious acts to brinytain the memory and perhaps justify a past war So on they fought like a swirl of living fire (Homers The Iliad) which remained only as a verbal record for centuries before it was written down.The metrical compositions studied earn explored the different aspects of war. From Homers The Iliad and his glorious com manpowert of Menelaus Finest Hour through to Alfred Lord Tennysons homage to courage and honour in his celebrated The Charge of the Light Brigade to Li Pos Nefarious War this essay will explore how poets have considered the impact of war on humanity. This essay will touch on the simple rhythm method of birth control of Whitmans bar rebuke Drums and narrative put upd in another Walt Whitmans elegy Vigil opposed I Kept on the product line One Night I kept one night. This essay will contrast the glory of a knight charge with Whitmans crushing description of the degeneration of a bereaved capture in Come up from the handle Father. This essay will consider how these verse forms comp atomic number 18 across the range of emotion all of which humanity has experienced when war is declared, fought or concluded. This essay will also make reference on potty Scotts The Drum, comparing to the distaste for the different sounds of war.Homers The Iliad is an epic verse form telling the story of the Trojan War. It is set in a time where people considered the Gods to be all powerful and present in life influencing e precise aspect of human existence. The war referred to in The Iliad was the Trojan War fought between the Greeks and the Trojans in what is now mainland joker. The war took place in the 8th or 9th century BC. The epic poem concerned the famous story of the abduction of Helen of troy by Paris and her husband, the Greek King Menelaus war to gain her back and destroy the city of Troy. The Greeks come nigh(a) to Troy and besieged the city for ten years. During these years a number of scraps were fought and The Iliad provided a narrative of these engage handsts. One such episode describes the fight over the dust Patroclus, a fri fire of Achilles, who had been killed by Hector, the Trojan hero. In describing the fight for Patroclus body Homer recalls the gods Ares, Athena and finally Zeus and compares the warriors causal agencys to those of the Gods Not level Ares1, lasher of armies, not even Athena2Watching the betrothal here could scorn its fury Homer demonstrates the supreme effort made to recover the body of a dead comrade. The use of anaphora here helps to highlight the colossal effort demonstrated during the conflict that not even the acts of Gods could compare. This comparison by Homer may have been a useful device in the context of the times in which the poem was retold usually by travelling actors bringing stories to distant Greek villages, the comparison of effort to that of the Gods implies superhuman strength designed, no doubt, to inspire awe from the villagers. Therefore the Iliad can also be compared to a type of propaganda, not only to entertain the masses, entirely also to remind them that the workforce at arm s in the service of the King were to be not only admired only feared in this mien showing an force play on humanity.Homer sets a scene that is full of men grappling, conflict and straining. This titan like struggle contrasts with Whitmans elegy Vigil contrary I Kept on the Field One Night I kept on the field one night where the authors reflections on the after battle scene describe a quiet lonely place Vigil wondrous and vigil sweet in that respect in the fragrant silent night, barely not a tear fell, not even a long-drawn sigh, long, long I gazed.. His use of long drawn sigh and repetition of long raze time and space for reflection as opposed to the crowded feel of the combat in the Iliad. Further, Homers description of the environment Fought on at their ease under a clear blue sky, Sharp brilliance of sunlight glittering round them, not a cloud in sight to shadow the humanity and mountains. Men who fought at a distance worked with frequent breaks suggest a sun scorched , hot sweating place where grit and dust mix with pedigree to create a fearsome scene. The videory created would have been familiar to listeners who will have recognised such a hot eastern Mediterranean climate. Homers efforts to encounter his listeners recognition go some way to allowing empathy with the heroes in the poem. This narrative style contrasts with the short clipped verse in The Drumby John Scott which has an absence of any description of the environment in which the conflicts referred to take place.In The Iliad, Homer sets the scene providing a background for the listener to connect with whereas Whitmans poem has no intention or need for such description as his intention is dramatically different. InThe Drumthe environment has no relevance above the message that the pounding of the drum is the messenger of doom. Similarly, Beat Beat Drums by Walt Whitman is being described by a tentative soldier the soldier illustrates the hatred he obtains for this drum that is va nquish for the announcing of war breaking out. John Scott uses a actually common poetic device in The Drum he utilizes poetic meter to create the rhythm thus creating an echo of the drums. He uses iambic tetrameter as shown in the following quotation I hate that drums discordant sound/ parading round, and round, and round. The pattern of the stressed and unstressed syllables (-/-/-/-/) conveys how the drum in the poem is being played. For Scott, the sound is hateful as it calls young men to fight and fall in foreign lands. In Whitmans poem he writes using warrant verse, however, the heavy stresses on the syllables on the opening line also demonstrates the sound of the drum. This suggests the injurious nature of war on humanity. The use of onomatopoeia in Beat Beat Drums also helps suggest this.In Homers The Iliad, I feel as though Homers exploration on the ensnare of war on humanity is very clear. He shows the physically grueling experience of being on the battle field, with the gods as passive spectators. The Iliad includes a lot of references to the young men involved with battle gentle and grueling, relentless drenching labour, non stop. Homer is making it clear through the use of alliteration, a list and negative words that these men are working very hard. This can be compared to the elegy Come Up From The Fields Father, as Whitman also shows the effect war has on young men. However, the two different poets have different thought processs to put across to the endorser. Homer wanted to show the benefits of the young trash because of the enthusiastic approach revealed by them. Whitman wanted to show the negative effect of war on the young soldiers and their families. In the poem the family of the young soldier receives a letter that tells them he has been injured gunshot wound in the breast, horse cavalry skirmish, taken to hospital. The impact the letter has on the family is devastating and when the mother finds out that her only son is dead, she i s so grief stricken that she wants to die.The second ancient poem under consideration is Li Pos Nefarious War. Li Po or Li Bai, the variation of Romanization of , was a poet who lived around 700 BC in imperial chin upa. He was a famous poet who wrote many poems on varied subjects including war, love and wine. He was renowned for his ability to write without correction. His career was spent in the court of the Chin Dynasty3 still he fell foul to court intrigue and eventually committed suicide. Li Po was not a soldier but in his Nefarious War the speaker is clearly a warrior, who talks of his weariness with conflict and his reflection on wars impact. At the time of writing imperial china was engaged in continuous struggle to defend its borders against marauding tribes. The impact on its people was considerable. Given the vast size of China it was not realizable to defend all the territory under the emperor and thitherfore much time was spent on the campaign where the armies would t ravel for years to combat belligerent hordes or tribes attempting to steal territory, people or possessions.Po seems to suggest war is unavoidable. His first stanza describes locations of the campaigns the head-stream of the Sang-kan, the Tsung-ho road, the waves of Chiao-chi lake and the pastures on Tien-shans snowy slopes. This can be compared to Homers description of the plains of Troy where a specific battle is fought for a specific reason. Li Po provides no particular political reason for war other than the need for defense against a foe. Nefarious War suggests an unrelenting, grinding attrition where the defenders of the empire need to be ever watchful Where the Chin emperor built the walls against the Tartars, There the defenders of Han are burn beacon fires. The beacon fires burn and never go out, There is no end to war this signifying a constant state of alertness using alliteration to make the point burning beacon fires./The beacon fires burn where the use of B provides a harsh staccato and repetition provide a prelude to the final There is no end to war suggesting an exhausting vigil followed by the suggestion of lament that no end to the conflict is in sight. collectable to the depressing language Po uses, one thought springs to mind, Po might well be making a plea for peace symptomatic of a need for rest from the ever present danger and the need for a constant watch. This can be contrasted to the battle being described by Homer, it is say that the fighting is done in one place, not on a widespread scale.Additionally, there are many references to the length of war, the fact that war goes on forever. Li Po describes the conflicts as The long, long war goes on ten thousand miles from home. The repetition used here is very effective, it makes the reader feels the real vista of tedium made by speaker. Also, Po uses the repetition to link to the idea of the life of a warrior being boring the mere fact that it is the same day-by-day and nothing ch anges. John Scott uses repetition in his poem The Drum with his reference to the troops parading round, and round, and round. This is similar to the repetition of Long, long which suggests that war has a negative effect on humanity.Li Po goes on to describe the battlefield in his third gear stanza. In the battlefield men grapple each other and die provides a brief summary compared to Homers detailed description of the fight for Patroclus body. Li Pos economy with words suggests a different view of war. Far from it being an famed fight between men for a reason (the recovery of Patroclus body) the empty, uselessness suggested in this opening line portray a futility. Li Po contrasts the leaders with the followers So, men are disconnected and smeared over the give up grass, and the generals have accomplished nothing. Here it is the ordinary soldiers that do the dying whilst the generals who command the army reach little by the efforts of their men. In The Charge of the Light Brigad e Tennyson refers to this element of war with his Not though the soldier knew, some one had blundered where generals order the deaths of men under their command without thought. However Tennyson goes on to emphasis the heroism and dedication to duty displayed by the cavalry at Balaclava whereas Li Pos reference to the men and horses dying merely reminds the reader of the impact of battle on them (The horses of the vanquished utter lamentable cries to heaven). This reminds us that the effect of war is not only on humanity, but on the animals. This can be therefore related back to Pos point about the gravity of war and how it affects everyone, that it is inescapable and destructiveLi Po suggests a lot about the leaving of the bodies on the battle field. The mere fact of different birds of prey pecking at the human entrails apologizes to us that the dealing with human fatalities at this time was very poor. This image is repulsive it is clear that they dont even care what happens to t he bodies due to the negative wording. However if you contrast this to Homers The Iliad, the fight for a heros body, such care and passion demonstrated in for the body of Patroclus and to ensure a proper burial. This is of course not the case for the bodies being described by Po. In Whitmans Vigil Strange I Kept On The Field One Night, there are many references to a brother or very close friend relationship between the two comrades representing, on a general scale, the bond between soldiers at the time of the American Civil War. An interesting point is that if we compare Nefarious War with the perspective of Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night, it demonstrates the progression in concern for soldiers as human beings, over the centuries, with individual lives and families rather than just complete armies or unnamed bodies on the battlefield. At a point of interest, The Iliad and Nefarious War were written in different parts of the world therefore this can be linked to the conf lict that exists today. This is the clash of Western vs. Eastern culture it can be interoperated that Homer was presenting the ethos of his people and Li Po doing the same. Both poets representing the way in which warfare is dealt in their culture.Through out the range of poems that are being considered, there are aspects of soldiers joining in unity. Noticeably it is hardly used at all in Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night, as the idea that the poet wants to get across is the concept of the individual love and not of comrades showing unity. One may even sense an effect of ignorance, coming from the poet, of the soldiers feelings or of the terrible effects of the war-torn environment that surround them by focusing on one relationship and not the big picture. However, this is in spades not the case shown in Nefarious War Po wants the widespread effects on humanity to be apparent while being read. persist year we fought by the head-stream of the Sang-kan, this year we are f ighting on the Tsung-ho road. We have washed our armor in the waves of Chiao-chi Lake we have pastured our horses on Tien-shans snowy slopes. The repetition of we in this context is an effective means of pulling in the reader and allowing Po to create unity between himself and his comrades. We is often used as a motivational device to form a community within a group it is used to show equality from even the lowest ranked soldier fighting alongside to a King. In this case, Po is trying to present to the reader the universal suffering that is taking place. This can be contrasted, with great clarity, to Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night, by the author showing individual anguish instead of a collective misery.Whilst the misery illustrated by Po throughout his poem does seem to distract from the actual descriptive nature of the war, his message should not be ignored that war is a destructive force and nothing good comes out of it. However, it is worthy of note that Pos explora tion/description of war differs from Homers or Whitmans. Whitman shows an energized approach towards war, as though, he is remembering reach to happen, for example, Beat Beat DrumsBlow Bugles Blow Through the windowsthrough doorsburst like a ruthless force. This quotation demonstrates a real eruption of Whitmans message here that war is destructive, the explosive B alliteration articulated by Whitman shows us the genuine energy that war does in fact bring. In the first stanza of Nefarious War, the idea of fatigue is portrayed by Po with a thought of no hope, armies have worn and grown old. An automatic image that comes to mind when including such words as old and worn gives off the negative vibe intended by Po, it makes us imagine a withering army consisting of a few men. Consequently, Po intentionally illustrating the effects on humanity but especially the armed forces of the country.In spite of this Po uses a lot of active verbs in the third stanza, comparable to the energy in T he Iliad. Po uses words such as grapple and vanquish. This can be compared to the violent words used by Homer. The image in our heads of men hacking the lines to pieces and the illustration of both(prenominal) sides dragging the corpse. These expressions are full of energy they are the many of the violent cinematic imagery used by Homer to formulate the actual being there effect the poet wants the reader to experience. In addition to that point, Homer wanted to report the horror of the battle of Troy as a consequence he uses much hyperbole to shock his audience. One of the very moving similes Homer uses to describe the fighting is the link to fire, relating the fighting as a swirl of living fire. The main descriptive word here is fire, which gives an impression of butchering and mayhem. This is exactly what Homer wants to create he wants to explain to the reader what a hectic battle this truthfully is.Nefarious War has a lot in common with another Whitman poem, Come Up From the Fi elds Father. This poem deals with the torment of war on humanity. It is about a letter arriving at a household in America reading that the son has a gunshot wound to his breast. This of course is devastating to the family. Whitman then focuses on the mothers reaction, which is fainting going Sickly white in the face and consequently wishing to die when she discovers her son is dead. Come Up From The Fields Father can be compared to Nefarious War in that they both deal on the effect of war on humanity and the disturbance of the normal life. While they stand at home at the door he is dead already, The only son is dead. This quotation is capable for what the author is trying to explain to the reader, the idea is linked back to what Po wants to get across, the suggestion of no hope. This image plays in our mind, the word only mechanically creates an image of aloneness or only one, and this demonstrating the devastating effects that war has on family life therefore Whitman showing no am nesty towards war.If you look at the different poetic devices used by Homer and Po, you will see that Homer uses a lot of enjambements to retain the flow of the action in the battle In Nefarious War there is only one example of enjambment. An example from the illiad is Achaeans to drag him back to the hollow ships/ And round him always the brutal struggle raging. It is worth noting how Homer wants the flow to stay fluent when being read this is done by not using a comma at the end of the first line, hollow ships. Po wants to get the message through about the evils of war he shows this by using negative poetic devices, such as sibilance. Sibilance comes from the Latin word meaning hissing the link to the ancient belief of a snake hissing this being the link to evil. As in the bible, match disguised himself as a snake in the garden of evil. The representation of this is made by authors use of s, soft c, sh and z sounds. So, men are scattered and smeared. The annotation smeared is a v ery ugly word, it creates an automatic blood shed image, the hint of smearing blood on a sword. The concept of men being scattered is very potent to the reader, it creates a picture of a bomb shell hitting the battle field. This quotation is very clear in what Po wants you to get from his poem he wants you to pick up on the evils of war, as shown by the use of sibilance. Po also wants you pick up on the effects of war on humanity, humanity being the men that have been scattered and smeared.Po comes across as one of the normal men affected by the war participate in his country he uses a first hand account, fabricating the struggle of the humanity in ancient China. After all, war affected the run of the linger man, not specially trained soldiers, the average farmer as hinted by Po The barbarian does man-slaughter, not plowing. This completes Pos message to the reader, the thought of war having an effect on not just humanity but the livelihood and the wellbeing of families. Thus Po i ntentionally showing the reader the detestable effects of war on the humanity in China at the time.Tennysons Charge of the Light Brigade is an example of a war poem written for a purpose that to provide some useful propaganda and to understand this more fully the context surrounding the setting needs to be considered.The Crimean War (1853 to 1856) fought between the allied coalition (Britain, France, Turkey and Sardinia) and Russia was the first large scale conflict to be covered by journalists as we understand it today. For the first time reports of battle could be cabled or returned by fast sloop back to London in time for newspaper runs. Accounts of the battle field by independent reporters shocked the home audience as the familiar became aware for the first time of the poor conditions of the fighting soldiers and the incompetent nature of the leading.The conflict surrounded Russias continual threat to the Ottoman Empire. Russia required a quick water port in the Mediterranean and provoked a war with Turkey over religious matters in Ottoman held Jerusalem. Britain and France came to Turkeys aid and sent men and ships to the black sea to counter the Russian threat to the Bosphorus. At this period, Britain was at its most powerful with an empire stretching around the globe. British superiority in trade, manufacturing and sea power provided a sense of invincibility to the nation who supported the war. Technology had developed to enable telegraphic communications and photography and so it was possible for the conflict to be followed both in the written form and visually in much shorter timescales than ever before. Russell of The Times was the most noted correspondent.The coalition forces had landed in the Crimea on the black sea and laid siege to Sevastopol, the main Russian port in the area. The coalition forces were thinly stretched through battle casualties but mainly through disease and poor sanitary conditions. In an attempt to raise the siege the Russ ian forces attacked the coalition flank at Balaklava. During this action there were three major events, the Highland soldiers resistance to a Russian cavalry charge the Thin Red Line the Charge of the Heavy Brigade to tug a further cavalry attack and the most famous of all, the Charge of the Light Brigade. The first two actions were fine examples of British soldiers led by their commanders beating the enemy when defeat looked certain, however it is the Charge of the Light Brigade that has become world famous for its pointlessness. Against all the accepted rules of warfare of the day, the British Light cavalry charged the main body of the Russian army due to a poorly worded order. Many men and horses were killed for no gain.The Charge was reported by Russell and along with other reports of the poor handling of the war, public opinion turned against the conflict. Florence Nightingale famously intervened with the wounded and set up a hospital in Scutari. Questions were raise in par liament and long after the war ended there were concerns on all aspects of the handling of the war. It is against this backdrop that Tennysons Charge of the Light Brigade essential be considered. Like Homer, Tennyson had specific reasons for the construction of his poetry. The war had proved unpopular and as Poet Laureate, Tennyson may have been responding to the public attacks against the evidencement by presenting the charge in its more favourable light. Tennyson emphasises this in his last three lines Honour the charge they made Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred He keeps this nonsuch to the last to leave the reader in no doubt that whatever the reasons for the blunder the charge was an honorable thing.Tennyson opens the account by recreating the rhythm of the horses cantering, Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward. This is an example of dactylic meter with the last foot onward as trochaic. This use of meter helps to establish the prologue to the action the cavalry steadily advancing on the enemy.Tennyson takes the reader to the centre of the action, Cannon to right of them,Cannon to left of them, Cannon in front of them, and Stormed at with shot and shell. This use of anaphora and alliteration simulates the effect of gun fire as the cavalry move down the valley. Tennyson provides this imagery to set the scene of the carnage the men faced. Boldly they rode and well, Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell. Here Tennyson tells us that despite the storm of lead these well trained disciplined soldiers kept going where perhaps others would have stopped. He raises this point earlier in the poem Forward, the Light Brigade Was there a man dismayed? This seems at first a rhetorical question, however Tennyson quickly confirms the irrelevance of the question with Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die in doing so he reminds the reader that the soldiers were there to do their duty and not question the intentions of their leaders. The repetition of Theirs is emphatic. It is not for the soldier to reply to an order neither is it to try to fathom the intricacies of military tactics, their subcontract was to follow orders and perhaps die in the process. Tennyson is reminding the audience of the nature of soldiering and warfare.The first three stanzas deal with the approach, the fourth addresses the action at the guns while the 5th describes the return of the Light Brigade. Tennyson repeats his use of alliteration here again Stormed at with shot and shell to remind the reader that the cavalry was under fire both in to action and homeward bound.Against a backdrop of criticism of the war Tennyson is reminding the reader throughout that the action was to be admired When can their glory fade?O the wild charge they made All the world wondered. Here reminding the reader that through the action Britain remains admired. This contrasts with Li Pos Nefarious War that has none of the eleme nts of message contained within Charge of the Light Brigade. Li Pos poem is at its heart anti war So, men are scattered and smeared over the desert grass, And the generals have accomplished nothing suggests the absolute pointless waste of human life by the soldiers, leaders. In contrast Tennysons only reference to the poor leadership of the war was Not though the soldier knew, Someone had blunderedTennysons assertion that some good came out of the action exampled by the splendid military precision displayed by the cavalry Boldly they rode and well and Flashed all their sabres bare, Flashed as they turned in air suggesting military discipline and prowess, this contrasts with Scotts The Drum- I hate that drums discordant sound, Parading round, and round, and round the repetition of round provides an imagery of pointless drilling of soldiers undergoing repetitive tasks for no apparent reason.In conclusion, the range of poems and poets that I have included in my study have expressed the full range of emotions and views from the heroic to the wastefulness of war but, ultimately, all have provided a graphic portrayal of the effect of war on humanity. Of the main poets that I have concentrated on, Homer and Tennyson focus on the energy of war and portray human sacrifice as the ultimate in. In contrast, Po wants to inform people of the terrors of war in order that humanity will learn from the terrible deaths of the war-torn and not have wars in the future. While Po has more of a wide-reaching message, probably aimed at a more at a high political level, Whitman similarly portrays war as wasteful, he concentrates on the more personal, everyman loss that soldiers deaths have on families back home. Finally, John Scotts poem, The Drum portrays the initial bravado and excitement that war can incite in both soldiers and the people at home, but ends with the brutal realities of the mangled limbs, and dying groans, And widows tears, and orphans moans, And all that Miserys hand bestows, that demonstrate the truly awful effects of war on humanity, which are perfectly summed up by Benjamin Franklin (1706 -1790), There never was a good war or a bad peace.

Advertising Journey Of Mcdonalds Marketing Essay

Advertising Journey Of Mcdonalds Marketing EssayIt is not too lots to say that McDonalds is ace of the largest corporations that can even represent the United States of America. It still secures its dominant position that outruns Burgerking overwhelmingly in fast intellectual nourishment industry. In 1940, nib and Mac Mcdonald founded a restaurant called McDonalds Bar-B-Q in California. It was common drive-in restaurant. By 1948, the brothers decided to improve their restaurant to make differentiation from other similar businesses. They reach introduced Speedee-Service-System, which is more like automobile assembly system, to make their food faster and cheaper. It was revolutionary shift which led the restaurant more famous. One day, a clapperclaw called Ray Kroc visited the Mcdonald brothers and the Kroc was fascinated by the fast food systemic restaurant. In 1954, the Kroc was determined to take over franchising for McDonalds. By 1955, he opened his first franchised McDonalds in Illinois. Since then till now, there are more than 34,000 franchised McDonalds restaurants are running over 119 countries.Advertising execute of McDonalds is based on their brand identity. McDonalds is not fairish fast food restaurant where people distinguish the food and flip it but the place where people enjoy the time with their friends or families. For the last 50 years, 23 different catchwords were presented in the United States of America. There were a few more slogans created in other countries and regions.Regardless of various different slogans and media, Mcdonalds have been maintaining their merged philosophy in their advertising which is Be the fun, friendly, place for families.CDocuments and SettingsDanbiDesktopw334.jpgIn early stage of the brand, the advertising was mainly foc utilize on print advertising. In the 1960s, TV advertising was the most effective media in advertising industry. However, in 1974, there was ground breaking advertising emerged which could be considered as an integrated advertising. That motion was designed to promote the product called BigMac. At that time, the slogan was Two all-beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun. In TV commercial, the slogan was used as a jangle that could be sung by people, namely, the jingle was a big idea in the campaign. The jingle was appeared on not all TV commercial but also in newspapers, on T-shirts and the radio. Since it has been created sensation, there was rewarding event for customers. The customers who were able to sing the jingle, they could thump a free BigMac.Although the jingle was not an ordinary song, it was the most requested song by the radio audiences. Needless to say, the campaign was successful. Dean Barrett, McDonalds senior vice president of global marketing, verbalize The campaign was the expression of McDonalds in its own time, in terms of the fun attitude. Through this integrated advertising, McDonalds could imprint their brand image to the customers. The brand image was that they concerns some communication with the customers and the happiness of the customers. Also, they are the brand which offers fun and entertainment experience.Since 2003, McDonalds are concentrated on creating youthful images under the global marketing strategy which is the slogan Im lovin it. Hence, they have presented several marketing campaigns that reminds of youthful images by associating with Hip-Hop music, Sports and Musicians.CDocuments and SettingsDanbiDesktopmcd_co_940x3601.pngCDocuments and SettingsDanbiDesktopdissertationimageMcD_Coinoffers_05_Coin_Collect_871x490px.jpgCDocuments and SettingsDanbiDesktopdissertationimageMcD_Coinoffers_06_Coin_Collect_871x490px.jpgCDocuments and SettingsDanbiDesktopMcD_Coinoffers_04_AppStores_871x490px.jpgProblem and SolutionIn 2011, DDB Copenhagen was asked by McDonalds to create advertising campaign with using new platform media that aims teenager and young adults. The campa ign is named Coinoffers. The coin offers a rank of products that can be purchased for. However, there was a problem that umpteen voucher and price-saving sites offer some discounting or similar service as coin-offer. Therefore, the company decided to make its own digital currency. This digital currency extremity to be earned by customers participation. Also, there should be branding device that represents McDonalds.Brief explanation of the campaignThe coins were traditional QR codes transformed into pixel codes of a range of products such as hamburgers, fries and so on. McDonalds have distributed one million coins over the country through a wide range of media television, radio, out-door posters, digital separate of buses and trains, facebook ads, games. There are some other unconventional media choices. For example, the paper shit on the tray which has got the code on it. People have to fold the paper to get it. To collect all those coins, consumers needed to download mobile application which can scan those pixel codes as the coins. Also, the mobile app has got live detecting function which detaches the sound from the radio and converts the sound as a coin. This mobile application was built as the central element in this campaign that is placed in the warmheartedness of circulation of earning, paying and owning. Consumers collected the coins with the application whenever they came across the codes. Once they have collected some amount of coins, they can drop by the restaurant and get the products. It is viable because each digital code have got value of one virtual coin.ResultThe result was fruitful. This campaign reminds people that McDonalds have always been providing fun food at a low cost. As soon as the application had been released, it became the fastest downloaded application in Denmark which has reached number 1 on iTunes app store and humanoid market within a day. The one million coins were collected in just 26 days that means McDonalds had to put an end to the campaign incidentally 2 weeks earlier that they have planned.ConclusionThere are two facts that can be inferred about creating integrated campaign. This will be illustrated below.The first one is simple idea is the best in this type of advertising strategy. In this campaign, it shows that how the simple idea can be expanded broadly with various media channels. If it was a story-based idea, it must be difficult to apply that idea on print advertising. In other words, complicated idea have possibility of losing its media choice such as poster an billboard.The second one is entertaining elements can draw peoples attention. This campaign would not be successful without participation of the customers. Therefore, entertaining requisite have played key role to arouse peoples engagement. For example, the idea itself which give money to people, games. It is originally called coin hunting but it is also an up-to-date version of vie hide-and-seek for the customers.To su m up, two conditions needed to be satisfied for the success of creating integrated advertising. Firstly, big idea should come from simple thought in order to broaden media choice. Therefore, it can affect wide range of target audiences. Secondly, interesting activity should be given owing to catching peoples eyes. Regardless of advertising strategy, the spirit of advertising itself is making the brand noticeable. Thus, the more people join the campaign the larger the brand become.

Capital Assets Pricing model |Analysis

Capital Assets Pricing pattern AnalysisSince 1970 the fiscal society using the Capital Assets Pricing baffle (CAPM) to calculate their cost of the portfolio performance and the cost of capital. However, at that place atomic number 18 a lot of models in assets determine switch to identify the encounteriness of the assets, and t here(predicate) ar many of the researchers have developed the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) and contri nonwithstandinge in pricing the adventurey pecuniary assets such as, Mossin (1966), Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965).CAPM calculated the risk of assets by measuring the risk premium for each unit across the entire assets and measuring the means of securities industry genus Beta. Therefore, the CAPM mental faculty has a linear relationship between the market beta and the risk premium of the assets which burn be considered as a methodical risk. Moreover, the CAPM illust postd that the assets return is fluctuated collectible to the values of the assets market beta. (Fazil, 2007)Advantages of CAPMHowever, Capita Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) is useful to tryoutine the performance of portfolios and evaluating the cost of equity for the companies. And determine the theories of asset pricing. While, before CAPM had been builded by John Linter (1965) and William Sharpe (1964) there were no models can help in assets pricing models and predictions about returns and risk.The attraction of the capital asset pricing model considered to be powerful in assessing the risk and determine the relationship between the risk and evaluate return. In contrast, the simplicity of the CAPM reflects true failing and let to an inefficient record about invalidate the course it is employ in applications. Also, the inadequacy of the empirical tests and proxies for the market portfolio led to fail in the model. However, if the difficulties of the market broker invalidate the model test, it also will scratch many applications, which normally len d the market broker used in empirical tests. While, for the expectation about the expected return and risk, the researcher will as numbere with the logic summary. After that, will illustrate the previous empirical application on the model and explanation about the challenges of the shortcoming of the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) (Fama and French, 2003)Fama and French modelThe assessment of the cost of equity and the expected return for the individual investor or individual share is considered to be an important point for the financial decision, for instance, the investors who are associated to the capital budgeting, evaluating the performance and portfolio management. Therefore, there are deuce alternatives for this reason. Firstly, we can use on a factor which is Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM). tricely, we can use the there-factor model which is cognise as Fama and French model. Although, there are many indications from academic literature for assess and evaluating t he portfolio returns, and there are many users of the twain models such as, Bruner, Eades, Harris and Higgins (1998) and Graham Harvey (2001) who prefer the (CAPM) model to assess and evaluate the cost of equity.( Bartholdy and Peare, 2005).The (CAPM) model consider the accurately of choosing a market portfolio broker, and the difference in the returns of the security department is the only appropriate source of methodical risk. Consequently, the premium of the risk on the portfolio of the securities or individual security consider as the function of methodical risk which can be measured by beta on the appropriate benchmark index. In contrast, Fama and French (1993) changed the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) to three factors. Firstly, portfolios rationalise the variation in the return of the company with high opposed to the miserable market value ratio. Secondly, portfolios illustrate the difference in the expected returns of large and baseborn-scale companies (SMB). Fi nally, the premium of the risk on the security is primary for methodical risk and can be measured by betas. Moreover, Carhart (1997) added new factor for the Fama and French risk-return, and brings in a fourth factor kn hold as a price momentum factor. This factor explains the tendency of the company with positively charged previous clears in order to gain positive future returns and for companies with negative previous profits in order to gain negative future returns. However, this model (Fama and French Model) is applying statistical regression as followsr rft =a j +b j rmt rft +b j SMBt +b j HMLt +e jt (1)where,rjt is the known profits on security j over period of time trmt is the profit have been made from the market over the period t. I got the chain of the known profit on the market, (rmt-rft) from ken Frenchs website4 where it is illustrated as the value weight return on all NASDAQ, AMEX and NYSE shares (from CRSP) and deducting the treasury bill for oneness month.Rft is the rate of the risk free over the period t and explained here by the monthly profit on the quarter period of treasury billa j is the cut off and explained by the Arbitrage pricing model in order to be equal to zero.b1 to b3 is the betas factor on the factors of three risks which obtain the HML, SMB and the excess return on the market.e jt is the re maining profits on the portfolio j over the period of tSMBt is the variation in the profits for the small companies against companies over the period of t.HMLt is the variation in the profits of the companies with clear(p)handed market value(B/M) ratio against the profits of the companies that have low B/M ratio.However, Carharts (1997) divided up this model (Fama and French model) as followr r =a +b r r +b SMB +b HML +b MOM +e (2)The price momentum factor (MOM) considers as the profit on high antecedent return portfolio and ruleed the intermediate profit on low prior profit portfolios, which is the average profits on securi ties with the top profit from the performance over the previous years minus the average profit on securities, which is had the destructive profits from the performance (Bello ,2008)Criticism of CAPMCapital Assets Pricing Model does non give a clear view about the average stock returns. Particularly, the CAPM does non illustrate wherefore during the previous 40 years, small shares do better than large shares. Also, CAPM does non illustrate how the companies which have high rate of a tidings to market (B/M) ratio did better than the companies with low (B/M) ratios. Moreover, it does not explain why the shares that continue to achieve high profit do better than the companies which achieve low profits. However, the aim of this research is to comprehend if the version of CAPM can illustrate these patterns.According to Jensen (1968), Dybving and Ross (1985), Jagannathan and Wang (1996) who said that the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM) can carry perfectly, time by the time, altho ugh that the shares are mispriced by the capital assets pricing model CAPM. Also, the unqualified alpha can be zero when the alpha is not conditional, and if beta fluctuates during the time and is relate with the market volatility or equity. In other words, the portfolio of the market can be variance and efficient. (Hansen and Richard, 1987)Furthermore, there are many studies discussed that the time varying beta can illustrate the opinion of B/M and the size. Also, Zhang (2005) contributes in developing the model when the high risk premium will lead to high B/M stock. Moreover, many researchers as Lettau and Ludvigson (2001), Lustig and Van Nieuwerburgh (2005), Jagannathan and Wang (1996), and Santos and Veronesi (2006) who explained that high, small B/M beat shares will be varying during the trade cycle, and according to the researchers, widely explained why those shares have good alpha. (Lewellena and Nagel, 2006)According to Fama and French (1992) who illustrate a value premium in u.s share return in 1963, and shares that have a high ratio of the book value of equity to the market value of equity have higher profits than shares with a non-high book to market ratio. Expand the exam back to 1926, Fama and French (2000) document a rate premium in the profit of the beginning period.Moreover, Fama and French (1993) illustrate that the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) of Sharpe (1964), Ang and subgenus Chen (2005) and Lintner (1965) did not explain the premium value. Also, Loughran (1997) said the premium value from 1963 to 1995 in any case exacting to small shares. This paper has three aims. Firstly, to give a clear picture about the value premium fluctuating with the company size. Secondly, evaluating if is in relative to the average profit by capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Finally, to measure whether the market of capital assets pricing model (CAPM) s illustrate the premiums value.Therefore, the results of the variation in premium value are easily summarized. Moreover, Loughrans (1997) proved that and said there is no premium value among large shares appear to be exacting to (1) applying the book-to- market ratio as he harvest-time value indicator. (2) the post-1963 period (3) determines the test to u.s. shares. During the period 1926 to 1963, the premium value is the same for small and big u.s. shares and when we use price earnings ratio rather than market to book ratio in order to distinguish crop stock and value, and during the period 1963-2004 introduce small variation between the premium value to big and small us shares. Moreover, they used another sample test, and they measured international premium value during the period 1975 to 2004 from 14 main markets outside the united states of the States ( regular army), and the results of B/M or E/P on international stocks shows that the premium value is parallel to big and small shares, and the indication on the USA premium value and the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) i s a bit more difficult.The overall premium value in the USA average profit is very similar and there is no variation before and after 1963, while Franzoni (2001) found that market s fluctuated dramatically. After that period, stocks value to indicate to frown s than stock growth the overturn of the needs of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to illustrate the premium value. Accordingly, the capital assets pricing model fails the exam during the period 1963 to 2004 if or not one permit to for time variation s over the period 1963 to 2004. Furthermore, the stock value had higher s compared to growth stock, and Ang and Chen (2005) found that the capital assets pricing model determined the premium value in higher rate. And it is tempting to gather that the capital assets pricing model gives a good explanation of the average profits before 1963.ConclusionAccording to the CAPM which suggests that the all difference in across securities is the same method with the expected returns. O n the other hands Fama and French (1992) suggest that the difference in connected to size proves up in the average returns when the portfolio is created on size and , but the difference in unconnected to the size appears to go unrewarded.This proposes that disagree with the CAPM, the size or a non- risk linked to the size that counts, not with . Thus the examinations here expand this result. When the portfolios are formed on the size, B/M, and , they find that the difference in linked with B/M and size are compensated with the average of the returns for 1928 to 1963, on the other hands the difference in unconnected to size and B/M goes unrewarded during the period 1928 to 1963. (Fama, and French, 2006)In conclusion, our evidence that the variation in is irrelevant to B/M and size is unrewarded in average profits is as efficient for huge shares and for small shares. This should lay to rest the earthy claim that experiential infringement of the capital assets pricing model is in consequential due to the limited small shares and consequently, small fraction of invested wealth.Communication A books ReviewCommunication A Literature ReviewChapter 2Literature Review2.0 IntroductionPeople declare since they are part of society. The lyric plays the main role in the communication, since it can express complicated ideas through important tone in the use of wide range of means. However the function of speech is not only convey information or messages but also connected with the interaction between people. This interaction supposed to be polite as etiquette of absolute majority of culture so that people can feel comfortable while communicate. Due to this, politeness should be applied in passing(a) conversation. courtesy is a phenomenon that has been drawing a lot of attention in recent years. According to Huang (2008), everyone perceives as natural and understood what it means. According to many linguists, the enormousness of politeness strategies lies in mainta ining a social order and is seen as a precondition of adult male cooperation (Brown Levinson, 2000, xiii). Lakoff said that the purpose of politeness is to avoid conflicts (Lakoff, 1889. 101). Politeness strategies are learned when your mother tells you to thank more or lessone who has, for example, given you a present for your fifth birthday. It seems to be very important to stick to these conventions, which have developed since human being exists. However, the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson is widely accepted and utilized as the basis for research by the researchers in the field of not only sociolinguistics but of psychology, business, and so on (Yuka, 2009). This playing area will focusing on the use of Brown and Levinson politeness strategies among University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) student and measure the frequency they used it.2.1 Politeness Theory/PrinciplePoliteness theory is the theory that accounts for the redressing of the insults to brass section posed by face-threatening acts to addressees. Politeness theory, derived from Goffinans (1967) understanding of facework, suggests that all individuals hold two primary desires, positive face (the desire to be liked by others) and negative face (the desire to have ones actions unconstrained by others). In our interpersonal interactions, we occasionally threaten others face needs, or desires, by exposing them to criticisms which is positive face threatening acts and requests which called negative face threatening acts. According to Simpson (1997), mettle Threatening Acts (FTAs) is vocalisations that disrupt the balance of face maintenance. Thus, the manner in which we criticize or make requests of another is influenced by the degree of politeness that we wish to convey. Goffmans (1967) argued that maintaining face feels good will showed an emotional attachment to the face that we maintain and disruptions of this, or losing face, results in a loss of the internal emotional support that is defend oneself in a social situation. Plus, maintaining it is the expression of the speakers intention to mitigate face threats carried by legitimate face threatening acts toward another (Mills, 2003, p. 6). Relying on a Grician framework, proposed the Politeness Principle (PP) and elaborated on politeness as a regulative factor in communication through a set of maxims (Grice, 1989). Politeness, as found out, is a facilitating factor that influences the relation between self, which means the speaker, and other that is the addressee and/or a third party. Besides, it minimizing the expression of impolite beliefs as the beliefs are painful or at a cost to it (Leech, 1983). Later, politeness formulated by Brown Levinson (19781987). Politeness theory has since expanded academias perception of politeness. Besides, in an extension of Goffmans (1967) discussion of face, Brown and Levinson (1978) also used two founts of face that Goffman mentioned. Another scholar Yule, (2006) defines po sitive face is the pro-social person you present yourself as while negative face suggests giving space to disagreement or refusal, to have freedom of action and not to be imposed by others. In addition, politeness theory by Brown Levinson, (19781987) is a dynamic theory of human behavior describing linguistic strategies associated with politeness behavior. Because of its all-encompassing nature and ability to accommodate diverse chances of human behavior, such as cross-cultural differences, gender roles, exchange theory, and interpersonal address, this theory has been considered to be both exemplary and a desirable beau ideal for experimental social psychology as a whole (R. Brown, 1990).However this study was not to examine face conceptualization as past study by Rudick (2010) which the researcher was tried to get perception of students by combining politeness strategies and face conceptual with classroom unspoiltice scales. Yet this study is just focused on the use of politene ss strategies among Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) students and the frequency scale of each dodge.2.2 Brown and Levinsons politeness strategiesBrown and Levinsons approach is found on Goffmans study on the notion of face. Goffman (1967) defines face as an image of self-delineated in terms of approved social attributes. The moment a certain face is taken, it will have to be lived up to. Here he coins the expressions to lose face and to save ones face. From these concepts, the following expressions are derived to have, be in or maintain face, which stand for an internally consistent face to be in the wrong face, which refers to the situation when information clashes with the face which a person sustains and to be out of face, which means that a participants expect line is not yet prepared for a certain situation (Goffman, 1967). Goffman claims that interaction, especially face to face talk, is ruled by a mutual acceptance that participants in an encounter will tend to maintain their own face, defensive orientation, as well as other participants faces, protective orientation. To study face- frugality, he states, is to study the traffic rules of social interaction (196712). According to him, face- saving actions are usually standardized practices which differ from one society to another as well as among subcultures and even individuals. Despite the differences, everyone is expected to have some knowledge and experience of how face work is used. Brown and Levinson borrowed these concepts and elaborated them somewhat in order to define the strategies that speakers follow when constructing messages. They treat the aspects of face as underlying wants, and they address the universality of the notion of face. According to them, face has a twofold character positive face, which stands for the desire to be approved of and negative face, which responds to the desire that ones actions are not hindered (Brown and Levinson 1987). They shape the term face-threatening a cts (FTAs), and agree with Goffman that interlocutors will try to maintain others peoples faces as well as their own. Therefore, the effect of FTAs will be minimized as much as possible through linguistic strategies (Brown and Levinson 1987). There are four strategies in politeness based on Brown and Levinson which are positive politeness, negative politeness, bold on record and bold off record. However, in this study, bold off record is not included because the theory is not deeply explained and difficult to collect data in classroom interaction. According to David A. Morand ( 2003 ), this difficulties will encounter when researcher need to detect sentences based on ambiguous meaning. establish on past study by Scollon and Scollon (1995), negative politeness is often preferable than positive politeness among British people. On this study, the researcher again will used Scollon and Scollons hypothesis to measure a qualitative data among UTAR student which can be distinctly state as Asian people.To fulfill the needs of this study the researcher applied three out of four politeness strategies. First strategy is positive politeness which mean an expression of solidarity which can say as appreciating addressees positive face and sharing the same values plus an act of reason towards the addressee. In other word, no inference required (Hirschova, 2006). Meanwhile based on Brown and Levinson (1987), positive politeness is a sender attempt to communicate intimacy with receivers. This kind of intimacy can be noticed in a friendly and familiar conversation in which the relationship between addresser and addressee is close.Second type is negative politeness which alters the speaker to avoid conflict among them while communicate by hesitating and softening the utterance with devices such as temper or indirect questions (Rudick, 2010). To make it clear, according to Brown and Levinson (1987), negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the addressees negative face. In other word, the key aspect is the addresser show respect towards the addressee by giving him/her freedom to react in a free way. In fact it used more intended phraseology in a careful way with a set of polite phrase examples Could you,Sorry to bother you but, The addresser is extremely indirect so as not to harm the addressees negative face and hurt their feeling. Usually this strategy happened among unfamiliarity between the addresser and addressee or their different social status.Third type is bald on record which can be defined as a direct way of saying things, without any minimization to the imposition, in a direct, clear, distinct and concise way (Brown and Levinson, 19781987) For example Do it. Brown and Levinson (1987) claim that the primary reason for bald on record usage may be largely stated as whenever the speaker wants to do FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy hearers face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record stra tegy.Final type is bald off record which Brown and Levinson (1987) defined as a communicative act which is done in such a way that is not possible to attribute one clear communicative intention to the act. In this case, the actor leaves her/himself an out by providing her/himself with a number of defensible commentarys. S/he cannot be held to have committed her/himself to just one particular interpretation of her/his act. In other words, Brown and Levinson claim, the actor leaves it up to the addressee to decide how to interpret the act. Off record utterances are essential in indirect use of language. one says something that is rather general. In this case, the hearer must make some inference to recover what was intended. For example, if somebody says It is hot in here, the hidden meaning of the utterance can be a request to open the window or to switch on the air conditioner. However due to this hidden meaning and ambiguous, this strategy will not be carry out to collect data on the use of politeness among UTAR student. This statement was agree by the scholar David A. Morand ( 2003 ) in his book Gender talk at work by mentioned this difficulties will encounter when researcher need to detect sentences based on ambiguous meaning.To sum up, the politeness strategies may be applied and this study and this study will investigate how student use Brown and Levinson (19781987) politeness strategies with their instructors based on open ended question given and finally this study will measure or calculate the frequency that student used on the three type of politeness strategies.2.3 Classroom interactionLanguage classrooms can be seen as sociolinguistic environments (Cazden, 1988) and discourse communities (Hall and Verplaetse, 2000) in which interaction is believed to contribute to prentices language development. According to a review of studies in the area of classroom interaction and language learning presented by Hall and Verplaetse (2000), interactive processes are not strictly individual or equivalent across learners and situations language learning is a social enterprise, jointly constructed, and intrinsically linked to learners repeated and regular participation in classroom activities. Based on Ghosh (2010), classroom interaction is a practice that enhances the development of the two very important language skills which are speaking and listening among the learners. This device helps the learner to be competent enough to think critically and share their views among their peers. A major goal of is to provide a prospective teachers with sufficient knowledge, skills and behavior to enable them to function effectively in future teaching experience. Interaction has a similar meaning in the classroom. We might define classroom interaction as a two-way process between the participants in the learning process. The teacher influences the learners and vice versa. The teachers role is important to influence the learner. It is the responsibility of the teacher to create a learning atmosphere inside the classroom. It is through these interactive sessions that the teacher can extract responses from learners and motivate them to come out with new ideas related to to the topic. Teacher is an observer who helps the learners to construct an innovative learning product through group discussions, debates and many more. Teacher also will define their self as a planner who plans out the best of the modules of interaction that would be effective to invite the learners in classroom interaction (Ghosh, 2010). Meanwhile, in vice versa which the learners are stressful to influence the teacher is by students sense of social relatedness in classroom (Connell and Wellborn, 1991). When students experience a sense of belonging at school and supportive relationships with teachers and classmates, they are motivated to participate actively and appropriately in the life of the classroom.

Ethics of Human Gene Therapy :: Science Genetics Papers

Ethics of Human Gene TherapyGene therapy is a technique which has developed in the wake of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology. It is a process which results in the correction of a inheritable disorder by the addition of a piece or fragment of DNA into the genetic material of a living, mathematical process cell. A mere thirty years ago this concept belonged to the realm of the human imagination made manifest in the works of science fiction. right away it belongs to the realm of the human imagination made manifest in the works of science, period. It is mind boggling to try to comprehend the far reaching effects of gene therapy. How is it touch on society? Who will benefit from its use? Should it be used at all? Should research continue? How do we answer all of these questions? The answers are not readily available, nor are they black and white, but an attempt at finding some solutions must be made. Before exploring this line of thought further, a base understanding of the technical aspects of gene therapy is essential. Technical Aspects Although the highly technical aspects of human gene therapy are somewhat complex, the basic concept is very straight forward. The final stage of gene therapy is to correct mistakes that get under ones skin occurred within the genetic material, or DNA, of the living cell. In very simple terms, DNA is often thought of as the spoken language of the biological functioning of organisms. This language is organized by letters (nucleotide pairs), words (codons), sentences (genes), and books (genomes). Before being able to repair the damaged or defective genetic material, the location of the gene or genes causing the dysfunction in the individual must be determined. Over the last fifty years or so, scientists have made a great amount of progress in this area, including the development of techniques which allow for the controlled manipulation and replication of specific segments of the human genome. These types of techniques have com e to be known as recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology and have allowed scientists to analyze functions of genes which are not necessarily directly expressed at the phenotypic level. This is done by cutting out or excising a particular segment of DNA of interest from the genetic material of an individual and inserting it into a bacterial plasmid (a particular ring of DNA in addition to the normal chromosomal material found within the cells of bacteria).

Expanding Perception in Alan Lightman’s Einsteins Dreams :: Lightman Einsteins Dreams Essays

Expanding Perception in Alan Lightmans Einsteins Dreams To attempt to describe Einsteins Dreams would be like trying to explain magic. For example, imagine that a magician holds a ping-pong ball playfully, transferring it from unity hand to the other. The magician invites the audience to examine a red silk kerchief that had been neatly tucked into his jackets front pocket. He then lays the kerchief flat in his left hand and places the ping-pong ball in that kerchief-covered palm. The magician gathers the four corners of the kerchief together, flings it into the air and lets it fall to the floor. He picks up the kerchief and presents it once again to the audience for examination The ping-pong ball is nowhere to be found. Can you say that, from reading this description, you were full of awe and wonder when you discovered the ping-pong balls fade? I would wager that you were not.If you have ever read Einsteins Dreams, you can appreciate my dilemma. If you have not yet had the opportu nity to experience this wonderful refreshed by Alan Lightman, I guarantee that after you read it you will expand your perception of the nature of time and of human activity. The novel is enchanting. It is a fictional account of what one of the greatest scientific minds dreams as he begins to uncover his theory of relativity.Whenever I suggest the novel to the uninitiated, they often say that they are not interested in the sciences. This novel is more like art and poetry, I reply. Einsteins Dreams is Lightmans first work of fiction, although he previously wrote at least six books and for several magazines. Lightman currently teaches physics and writing at M.I.T. From these two seemingly conflicting backgrounds come reviews like A wonderfully odd, clever, mystical book of meditations on time, poetically spare and delightfully fresh and Endlessly fascinating. A beguiling inquiry into the not-at-all theoretical, utterly time-tangled, tragic and sublime nature of human life.Only sixteen of the 179 pages relate to Albert Einstein. The rest of the novel describes some of his dreams from April 15 to June 28, 1905. What if time were a circle? What if cause and effect were erratic? What if the passage of time brought increasing order? What if we had no memories? What if time flowed reverse? What if we lived for only a day? What if time were measured by quality and not quantity?