How to Find the PHP Document Root

The PHP document root is the folder where a PHP script is running. When installing a script, web developers often need to know the document root. Although many pages scripted with PHP run on an Apache server, some run under Microsoft IIS on Windows. Apache includes an environment variable called DOCUMENT_ROOT, but IIS doesnt. As a result, there are two methods for locating the PHP document root. Finding the PHP Document Root Under Apache Instead of emailing tech support for the document root and waiting for someone to respond, you can use a simple PHP script with getenv (), which provides a shortcut on Apache servers to the document root. These few lines of code return the document root. Finding the PHP Document Root Under IIS Microsofts Internet Information Services was introduced with Windows NT 3.5.1 and has been included in most Windows releases since then—including Windows Server 2016 and Windows 10. It does not supply a shortcut to the document root. To find the name of the currently executing script in IIS, begin with this code: print getenv  (SCRIPT_NAME); which returns a result similar to: /product/description/index.php which is the full path of the script. You dont want the full path, just the name of the file for SCRIPT_NAME. To get it, use: print realpath(basename(getenv(SCRIPT_NAME))); which returns a result in this format: /usr/local/apache/share/htdocs/product/description/index.php To remove the code referring to the site-relative file and arrive at the document root, use the following code at the beginning of any script that needs to know the document root. $localpathgetenv(SCRIPT_NAME);$absolutepathrealpath($localPath);// fix the Windows slashes$absolutepathstr_replace(\\,/,$absolutepath);$docrootsubstr($absolutepath,0,strpos($absolutepath,$localpath));// an example of useinclude($docroot./includes/config.php); This method, although more complex, runs on both IIS and Apache servers.

People Who Made Difference And Movie Industry - 932 Words

People who made difference to movie industry Walt Disney Most of us know Walt Disney as the creator of Mickey mouse and the Disney Land, but his impact on entertainment industry goes way beyond cartoons and theme parks, Disney changed our world all together. Walt Disney, a Chicago boy who took Hollywood by storm, changed family entertainment. Not only was he the first to make full-length animated films, but he did so with critical acclaim and financial success. Few other films that are thirty to forty years old can still play nationwide in movie theatres or sell hundreds of thousands of video copies. The work of Walt Disney continues sixty years later with Beauty and the Beast, which was nominated for an Oscar award last year, and†¦show more content†¦Whether in the form of stickers, posters, wall papers Disney characters are what resembles the children’s world. Steven Spielberg DreamWorks Studios originally founded in 1994 by Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg, and David Geffen. Centre of the DreamWorks was Spielberg, around whom the company revolved, and the living mascot for the artist-friendly studio. His blockbusters such as Jaws, E T and Indiana Jones have set a new record. Spielberg has been the most financially successful motion picture director of all time. He directed and/or produced an astounding number of major box office hits, giving him great influence in Hollywood. Since 2004, he is listed in Premiere and other magazines as the most powerful and influential figure in the motion picture industry. In 1993 Spielberg released the movie Jurassic Park. This film eventually became the highest grossing film of all time at the worldwide box office with $914.7 million. J.K Rowling and Warner Bros. (Harry Potter) Harry Potter became phenomenon that has completely redefined the way Hollywood perceives children’s fantasy books. Eleven years ago, there was significant uncertainty as to whether J K Rowling’s boy wizard could spin his magic on a wider movie-going

Accounting for Business Decisions Woodside Energy Limited

Question: Discuss about theAccounting for Business Decisionsfor Woodside Energy Limited. Answer: Introduction Woodside Energy Limited is an Australian based oil and gas company that is actively involved in exploration, production and supply of oil and gas. The company in Australia conducts floating production, storage and offloading vessels. The company operates its activities on an international level and is recognized around the world for providing world-class capabilities. Woodside is mainly involved in developing and marketing LNG, crude oil, condensate, LPG and pipeline natural gas. The company being established in the year 1954 has a wide global presence including Ireland, New Zealand, Spain, the Republic of Korea and Peru (Woodside, 2016). The company has attained a distinctive position in the oil and gas sector through its unique capabilities and maintaining strong relationships with all its stakeholders. The companys strong balance sheet and cash flow statement reflects its sound financial performance in the oil and gas sector. It has achieved operational effectiveness through enhan cing the life of its developing assets and maintaining its contingent resources. The company places strong focus on developing its distinctive competencies across the oil and gas value chain for establishing world class projects. Woodside Energy has a good growth record in designing, construction and operation of world-class LNG plants, seismic acquisition, subsea technology and deepwater drilling (Woodside, 2016). The company implements the use of innovative technologies such as floating LNG, near-shore liquefaction and modular liquefaction, subsea and seismic processing for manufacturing innovative products and services for achieving customer satisfaction. Woodside also aims to reduce its operational costs through developing remote operations from Perth-based Puto support centre. It is also strongly focusing on enhancing its exposure in emerging petroleum provinces and seeking to expand its portfolio for maximizing shareholder value. The company strives to maintain a workplace culture that has imbibed values such as integrity, respect, working together, discipline and working sustainably. The strong corporate values of the company have enabled it to strengthen its brand image across the world thus promoting its long-term growth and development (Woodside, 2016). The present report aims to analyze and examine the financial statements of Woodside Energy Limited for identifying the strengths and weakness in the companys financial position. The report developed is also highly beneficial for the investors for providing them complete information about the financial position that enables them to take decision regarding holding, buying or selling its shares (Annual report: Woodside Energy Limited, 2015). Interpretation of Financial Statements of Woodside Energy Limited of year 2015 Analysis of financial statements using analytical tools helps the users of financial statements to gather important information about the performance of company (Needles, 2012). There are various financial tools that are used to interpret the financial performance of company. Some of financial tools are ratio analysis, trend analysis, SPSS etc. In this repot trend analysis will be implied to make comment on the financial performance of Woodside Energy Limited. Woodside Energy Limited publishes their annual report every year and for this report, annual reports of year 2014 and 2015 have been used to make the analysis. Every annual report contains audited financial statements of the company and they are supported by the notes to accounts. Financial data of year 2014 will be compared with financial data of year 2015, so that trend analysis can be performed (Stone, 2003). The four main financial statements that are presented in the annual reports are Statement of Financial Position, Statement of Profit and Loss, Statement of Cash Flow and Statement of Change in Equity. All these financial statements contain various items that tell the financial performance of the company. Statement of Financial Position This statement is regarded as the most important statements in all of the four statements as it reflects true picture of company financial health in that year. Statement of financial position shows all the values of liabilities and assets that have taken in particular year along with remaining balances of previous year. This statement is also known as Balance Sheet as this statement is based one on the important accounting equation. That accounting equation is Liabilities + Equity = Assets. As per this equation the values of all liabilities and equity capital will always be equal to assets present in the company. Some of the major items that are contained in the balance sheet are current assets, current liabilities, shareholders equity and long term assets. AASB has issued the specific format of prepare the balance sheet and every listed company needs to follow the same. It is mandatory to prepare the financial statement in accordance with the IFRS issued by the IAB (Needles, 2012). The important items of statement of financial position in context to year 2014 are compared with figures of year 2015, so that increase or decrease can be found and reported. Assets represent the company wealth and company must try to increase the value of assets so that their wealth should also get increased. On the other hand liabilities represent the companys obligation therefore they must be paid as early as possible (Stone, 2003). Trend Analysis in the Statement of Financial Position Of Woodside Energy Limited Major items of balance sheet 2015 2014 Net Increase of Decrease in value % Increase or Decrease in respect to year 2015 Total Assets $23,839.00 $ 24,082.00 $ (243.00) -1.01% Current Liabilities $ 1,304.00 $ 1,941.00 $ (637.00) -32.82% Current Assets $ 1,079.00 $ 4,042.00 $ (2,963.00) -73.31% Total Non-Current Assets $22,760.00 $ 20,040.00 $ 2,720.00 13.57% Total Non Current Liabilities $ 7,510.00 $ 5,482.00 $ 2,028.00 36.99% Shareholders Equity $15,025.00 $ 16,659.00 $ (1,634.00) -9.81% As per the above table it can be said that year 2015 was proved to worst year for the Woodside Energy Limited as there was major collapsed in the capacity of the company due to international downfall of commodities prices. The value of current assets has been reduced to 1079 million dollar in year 2015 as compare to 4042 million dollars in year 2014, showing an overall downfall by 73.31%. As compare to current assets there was not much downfall in the value of current liabilities in year 2015. The value of current liabilities has moved by only 32.82 % that shows current ratio has moved downwards in year 2015 as compare to year 2014. The value of shareholders equity has also moved downwards due to change in value of various reserves that company has created for future expansion plans (Annual report: Woodside Energy Limited, 2015). Statement of Change in Equity The financial statement related to change in equity shows the balances of various items that make up the value of shareholders equity. Some of the major items are issued capital, foreign exchange reserves, retained earnings etc. This statement is highly important as provides information about the major components that are involved in making the equity capital. It shows all the major items that make up the net worth of company as it represents total assets less total liabilities. Trend Analysis in the Statement of Change in Equity Of Woodside Energy Limited Major items in statement of change in equity 2015 2014 Net Increase of Decrease in value % Increase or Decrease in respect to year 2015 Equity Share Capital Issued $ 5,064.90 $ 4,850.10 $ 214.80 4.43% Number of Shares 822,943,960 822,771,118 172842 0.02% Foreign Currency Reserve $ 776.00 $ 773.00 $ 3.00 0.39% Retained Earnings $ 6,743.00 $ 8,447.00 $ (1,704.00) -20.17% Non Control Interest $ 799.00 $ 783.00 $ 16.00 2.04% Employee benefit Reserves $ 187.00 $ 161.00 $ 26.00 16.15% The above table list down all the major components that form the value of shareholders equity of Woodside Energy Limited. Having looked the table it can be said that there some minor changes in the items of statement except in case of retained earnings. The value of retained earnings has been decreased by 20 %in year 2015 that shows that company has suffered the great deficit in the net profits of the company (Baker and Powell, 2009). The management of Woodside Energy Limited has also decided to increase the amount of reserves in respect of Employee Benefits (Annual report: Woodside Energy Limited, 2015). Statement of Profit and Loss Account The statement of profit and loss account shows the balances of items that show the company profitability position over the period of time. It shows the balances of revenue, cost of goods sold, net income tax paid, net income, Earning per share etc. This statement is very useful for the investors as it shows efficiency of the company in earning the profits. Performing trend analysis on the profit and loss statement helps the management to forecast the value of future earnings (Stice, Stice, and Swain, 2007). Trend Analysis in the Statement of Profit and Loss Of Woodside Energy Limited Major items 2015 2014 Net Increase of Decrease in value % Increase or Decrease in respect to year 2015 Revenue $ 5,030.00 $ 7,435.00 $ (2,405.00) -32.35% Cost of Goods Sold $ 3,073.00 $ 2,883.00 $ 190.00 6.59% Earning per Share (In US Cents) $ 3.20 $ 293.40 $ (290.20) -98.91% Income Tax $ 112.00 $ 1,061.00 $ (949.00) -89.44% Finance Cost (Interest) $ 89.00 $ 178.00 $ (89.00) -50.00% Net Income $ 113.00 $ 2,516.00 $ (2,403.00) -95.51% Above table contains all the major items of profit and loss account of Woodside Energy Limited in year 2014 and 2015, along with increase or decrease in balances. On making the overall analysis of the profit and loss account it can be said that Woodside Energy has suffered great downfall in the revenue due to poor market conditions and low performance of management. It can be said that management has not taken any decision regarding the influence of international change in commodities prices (Adams, 2006). There has been 32.35% downward shift in the total revenue of company that reflects the poor profitability position in past few years. It is interesting knows that despite of fall in fall in total revenue, the cost of good sold has risen up by 6.59% and it can be said worst situation for the company in year 2015 (Annual report: Woodside Energy Limited, 2015). Statement of Cash Flow Cash flow statement tends to analyze the cash generated or used by operating activity, financing activity and investing activity (Needles, 2012). Operating activity list downs the items that are directly related to the core business activities and it only shows actual movement of cash in the company. Financing activities list down the items that are related with financing of business such as issue of share capital, issue of debt bond, dividend paid etc. Investing activity list down the items that show the investments made by the company in fixed assets, financial securities and also lists the sales proceed from sale of all these assets. Trend Analysis in the Statement of Cash Flow Of Woodside Energy Limited Major items 2015 2014 Net Increase of Decrease in value % Increase or Decrease in respect to year 2015 Net cash inflow (outflow) from operating activities $ 2,376.00 $ 4,785.00 $ (2,409.00) -50.34% Net cash inflow (outflow) from financing activities $ (58.00) $ (3,119.00) $ 3,061.00 -98.14% Net cash inflow (outflow) from investing activities $ (5,456.00) $ (617.00) $ (4,839.00) 784.28% Net increase (decrease) in cash during the year $ 122.00 $ 3,266.00 $ (3,144.00) -96.26% This table clearly shows the cash generated or used by all three activities performed in Woodside Energy Limited. There was about 50% downfall in cash provided by the operating activity and it was normal looking at the profitability performance of the company in year 2015. Management at Woodside Energy Limited has decided to expand the business and lower the expenses, therefore they have invested quite a huge amount in plant and machinery and it was about 784% more than previous cash value. Cash used by the financing activity has also got reduced by 98 % and it clearly tells that company has not paid any borrowing in year 2015 (Annual report: Woodside Energy Limited, 2015). Recommendations The company financial condition has been declined in the year 2015 as evaluated from reviewing its financial statements. The company is provided following recommendations for raising its financial performance in the future. In this context, the company is regarded to create strategic fit between its aims and objectives and the financial resources available. This can be attained by the company by prioritizing its value chain activities and eliminating the non-value adding activity from its supply chain. This will largely prove to be beneficial for the company in reducing its operational cost and maximizing its effectiveness. The companys profitability has been largely negatively impacted by the downfall in the international oil and gas sector in the year 2015 (Stice, Stice, and Swain, 2007). As such, it needs to implement effective strategies for minimizing its operational cost for maximizing its performance. Thus, aligning the companys strategic objectives with the financial resource s would enable it to lower down its cost of goods produced thereby enhancing its profitability. In addition to this, as analyzed from the financial statements review of the company it incorporates larger debt proportion in the capital structure as compared to that of issuing equity shares. This is not a positive sign for the companys growth in the future context as it will increase its financial leverage. The increase in financial leverage can impact the companys ability to cover up its debt obligations in case of occurrence of any contingency condition. In this direction, the company is recommended to increase shareholders equity and reduce debt obligations in developing the capital structure. This will help the company to reduce the business risk and thus improve its profitability position. The companys reserves and retained earnings are also not increasing as analyzed from its financial statements review. This can prove to be harmful for the company to meet its debt obligations in the future context. The company is thus recommended to implement strong measures for improving its reserves and retained earnings. Conclusion The overall discussion held in the report inferred that Woodside Energy Limited financial performance is declining recently. The main reason responsible for the decrease in share prices of the company is reduced profitability of oil and gas sector on an international level. This is impacting the companys performance as well causing a strong decline in its profitability as can be seen from its financial statements of the year 2015. The company is thus recommended to take effective steps in the report for improving its financial performance in future context. On the basis of the financial position analyzed, it can be stated that investors should not buy the shares as its profitability position is predicted to decline in the future. This can be seen from the negative growth trend of oil and gas sector internationally that will cause a decline in the profitability position of Woodside Energy Limited. The main aim of developing the report is fulfilled by reviewing the different items of t he financial statement of the company so that its performance can be assessed and economic decision can be drawn. Financial statements analysis has provided all the information regarding the financial position, changes in equity, performance and cash generated by the company. All these details would prove to be largely beneficial for the investors to make the opinion on investment decision and act as proper guide to them. References Adams, D. 2006. Management Accounting for the Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Industries: A Strategic Approach. Mason: Cengage Learning. Annual report 2015. Woodside Energy Limited. [Online]. Available at: www.woodside.com.au/Investors.../17.02.2016%202015%20Annual%20Report.PDF [Accessed on 23 September, 2016]. Baker, H. K. and Powell, G. 2009. Understanding Financial Management: A Practical Guide. Oxford: John Wiley Sons. Needles, B. E. 2012. Principles of Accounting. Cengage Learning. Stice, J. D., Stice, E. K. and Swain, M. R. 2007. Accounting: Concepts and Applications: Concepts And Applications. Cengage Learning. Stone, P. 2003. Understanding Financial Accounts: Understanding the Principles and Practice of Accounting - from Book-keeping to VAT. United Kingdom: How To Books Ltd. Woodside. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.woodside.com.au/About-Us/Pages/Strategy.aspx#.V-a8oIh97Mx [Accessed on: 25 September 2016].

Chances by Five For Fighting free essay sample

I tend to stray on the unrealistic side of things. I’m a dreamer, what can I say? When I fall for someone, I fall hard and immediately start thinking about what the future could hold with them. I realize this is not the healthiest perspective to always hold, but at times I can’t help it. Once you become a â€Å"hopeless romantic† it is hard to change that. However in eleventh grade I started to realize it might save me from getting as hurt if I started to look at things more realistically. I was in my first real relationship and I could tell it was coming to an end as much as I didn’t want it to. It was around this time I rediscovered an old song I used to listen to on repeat while I was in middle school. Back then, I didn’t listen as much to the lyrics but listening to it again I realized the message it was sending and it was just what I needed to hear at the moment. We will write a custom essay sample on Chances by Five For Fighting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The song was â€Å"Chances† by Five For Fighting, and unlike myself, it took the more realistic side of relationships. It basically had the attitude that I needed to have and still need to have, but still find it hard to. In this song the guy is involved with a girl and they both are very into each other and obviously want what they have to work out. However, the guy seems to realize he can’t get too ahead of himself and get his hopes too high because eventually they will likely grow apart from each other and go their separate ways. This was basically what was happening to me with my ex, and this song helped me to realize that no matter how much I can dream about what I want to happen, I need to focus on what is happening and let it go if it needs to go. In fact, one of my favorite lyrics from this song is â€Å"nothing lasts forever no matter how it feels today†. I really don’t think that line could be more true; in the moment with someone you may be abl e to see a whole future with them, but it is likely that down the road something will change and that â€Å"forever† that you dreamed about will come crashing down with reality. However, the last part of this song focuses on those rare occasions when this person you’re with now does turn out to be your future and all you dreamed of. There are those instances when that happens, and it happens because you took a chance on it. Whether or not you are a dreamer or a realist, you need to take chances in life to find love. It does help to keep things in perspective so it hurts less if it doesn’t work out, but there is always the possibility it will work out. As the song ends, â€Å"chances are waiting to be taken†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and those chances waiting for us could turn out to be what we’ve always dreamed of.

South America Is A Land Of Different Cultures And Has A History Essays

South America is a land of different cultures and has a history of as many different types of government, mostly dictatorships. Most of South America won independence from Spain and Portugal between 1810 and 1824. In 1823, President James Monroe enunciated the first US policy on Latin America. The Monroe Doctrine warned European nations against interfering in the affairs of independent nations in the Western Hemisphere. In 1904, Roosevelt's Corollary said the US would act as a "policeman", intervening militarily when US interests were at risk. After W.W.II, the independent countries of the Western Hemisphere formed the Organization of American States, a military alliance to prevent aggression against any American nation. South America is the fourth largest continent. It ranks fifth in population. The continent is divided into 12 independent countries and two political units. The countries consist of Brazil, Columbia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Guyana, Surinam, and French Guinea. In the 12 countries of South America, democracy has slowly been on the rise since 1959. The rise started in Venezuela and ended in Surinam last year. One by one South America's countries have turned form dictatorships into democracies where the voters control the elections. Even with democracy taking control, the countries still have many problems. The largest problem is the tradition of corruption of the political leaders. The corruption has mainly been the use of bribe-taking and bribe-giving. "By definition, democracy presumes equal opportunity; bribery and corruption make the playing field uneven and weakens democracy's foundations." Recently, corruption has reached into high places in Venezuela and Brazil. President Carlos Perez (1993) and Fernando Collor de Mello (1992) were forced to resign when faced with corruption charges. The large drug trade has also caused problems for the rise of democracy in South America. Each year, hundreds of tons of Cocaine feed an illegal US drug market. It is worth an estimated $38 billion a year. This illegal money has found its way into the pockets of many people in high places. In Columbia, a major source of illegal drugs for the US, President Ernesto Samper was accused of taking a $6 million bribe to allow drug trafficking to continue as usual. Laundered drug money has financed development in many South American cities, but it has also brought bloodshed. The large gap between rich and poor of South America has presented another challenge for democracy. In South America, the rich keep getting richer and the poor keep getting poorer. But since the rise of democracy economic conditions have not worsened. Recently, the poor have been taking their demands for better economic conditions to the streets. In Argentina, workers have protested the privation policies of President Carlos Menem. They are demanding job security to go back to "the good old days" of the Peron era. The military also threatens democratic systems in South America. Today the soldiers are back in their barracks, "but in most nations, the possibility remains that the generals, heeding a real or imagined call to restore order, will impose military rule. This threat is illustrated by Chilean President Eduardo Frei's problems with Chile's former dictator, Gen. Augusto Pinochet who still controls the military until the year 1998. Each country in South America has faced some action that has tried to return them to what they once were--dictatorships. In Venezuela, which has the oldest civilian regime in South America, suffered two coup attempts by army officers in 1992; both were unsuccessful and were put down. In Chile, Gen. Pinochet still commands the armed forces, but because of free elections he is no longer the head of state. With democracy having a hard time in South America, "only Chile seems to respect the rule of law." In Bolivia, which had 189 military coups in its first 168 years of independence, has become a country with stable democracy. Voters elected President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada to be the head of state in their new democracy. Columbia, the most violent country in South America, has had the hardest time dealing with corruption in their democracy. This is due to their booming drug trade. It has 83 murders per 100,000 inhabitants, nine times the US murder rate. Someone gets killed in Bogota, the capital of Columbia, every hour. In Medillin it's every half hour. Columbia has a type of "narco-democracy" in which drug traffickers have achieved control over the top levels of government through bribery and intimidation. Brazil is another country where violent actions have played a part in the corruption of their democracy. Legislator Edmundo Galdino, paralyzed from the waist down by a hired gunman, said, "...its' easier, cheaper, and more certain of success

How to Calculate the Density of a Gas

How to Calculate the Density of a Gas If the  molecular mass  of a gas  is known, the ideal gas law can be manipulated to find the density of the gas. Its just a matter of plugging in the right variables and performing a few calculations. How to Calculate Gas Density What is the density of a gas with molar mass 100 g/mol at 0.5 atm and 27 degrees Celsius? Before you begin, keep in mind what youre looking for as an answer in terms of units. Density is defined as mass per unit volume, which can be expressed in terms of grams per liter or grams per milliliter. You may need to do unit conversions. Keep on the lookout for unit mismatches when you plug values into equations. First, start with the ideal gas law: PV nRT where P pressure,  V volume,  n number of moles of gas,  R gas constant 0.0821 L ·atm/mol ·K, and  T absolute temperature  (in Kelvin). Examine the units of R carefully. This is where many people get into trouble. Youll get an incorrect answer if you enter a temperature in Celsius or pressure in Pascals, etc. Always use atmosphere for pressure, liters for volume, and Kelvin for temperature. To find the density of the gas, you  need to know the mass of the gas and the volume. First, find the volume. Here is the ideal gas law equation rearranged to solve for V: V nRT/P After you have found the volume, you must find the mass. The number of moles is the place to start. The number of moles is the mass (m) of the gas divided by its molecular mass (MM): n m/MM Substitute this mass value into the volume equation in place of n: V mRT/MM ·P Density (Ï ) is mass per volume. Divide both sides by m: V/m RT/MM ·P Then invert the equation: m/V MM ·P/RTÏ  MM ·P/RT Now you have the ideal gas law rewritten in a form you can use with the information you were given. To find the density of the gas, just plug in the values of the known variables. Remember to use absolute temperature for T: 27 degrees Celsius   273 300 KelvinÏ  (100 g/mol)(0.5 atm)/(0.0821 L ·atm/mol ·K)(300 K) Ï  2.03 g/L The density of the gas is 2.03 g/L at 0.5 atm and 27 degrees Celsius. How to Decide If You Have a Real Gas The ideal gas law is written for ideal or perfect gases. You can use values for real gases so long as they act like ideal gases. To use the formula for a real gas, it must be at low pressure and low temperature. Increasing pressure or temperature raises the kinetic energy of the gas  and forces the molecules to interact. While the ideal gas law can still offer an approximation under these conditions, it becomes less accurate when molecules are close together and excited.

Communication and Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Communication and Language - Essay Example He will now look at and reach rather than grasp an object as an adult presents it. He has also become more willing to perform familiar actions on an object without mouthing it but using his hands to hold and manipulate objects for longer. He has also shown greater attention to where objects move to or from during the activity. This has been particularly noticeable during our greeting sessions. At the beginning of September he needed adult coactive support to tap a drum to say ‘hello’, as he has become more familiar with activity where he begun to use both hands to tap a drum with adult verbal encouragement. Now he will reach instruments spontaneously to say ‘hello’ as adult moves around the circle asking ‘who want to say hello first’. He is also able to indicate if he wants to continue the tapping action or he finished saying ‘hello’ by clapping his hands to indicate more or pushing the drum away. He finds it amusing if an adult cop ies his simple drumming actions, responds with a smile, and listens to it. Interacting Pupil's progress Charlie has been working towards developing his interaction and playing skills with adult and peers. Charlie has made steady progress with developing his communication, social, and interactive skills with class staff and peers as the year has progressed. He has shown an increasing interest in trying to influence the adult actions during self-occupation time to get what he wants or during group session as mentioned above and one-to-one sessions such as interactive games focusing on communication, taking turns, interacting and responding to adult partner. For example, simple hand clapping games that requires him to form quick thinking, cooperation, and reaction to a game like clapping one's own hands, clapping both hands of a partner, and clapping one hand of a partner, generally across such as the right hand of each player at an appropriate junction.   During self-occupation time , he will move in the direction of the plasma screen and make brief eye contact with an adult to let them know what he wants. If the adult ignores his communication, he will walk around the plasma screen, look behind the speakers, turn on a socket plague and manipulate a key to open the box with laptop attached to the screen. During leisure time, when approached by an adult and asked, â€Å"what you want Charlie?† he will hold his hand and guide him in the direction of the plasma screen or balcony / class door to watch his friends playing or to go for a walk. He is now learning to transfer these learnt skills to class activities. Last year, Charlie preferred contact with adults to that with peers, but this year he has been starting to pay more attention to his class friends if he is engaged in a simple game with them or when they are exploring interesting things. For example, he will pay attention to an interesting object controlled by another pupil, and will come to him or h er, reach for the item and explore it for brief moment before giving it back to his peer. This term, Charlie has developed a friendship with two girls in class Huma and Aiashah. He responded with interest to social overtures from them and used some actions to prolong interaction with them. For example, he will sneeze on purpose to make Aaishah laugh or will allow her to hold his hand and move them in the rhythm of ‘