Portrayal Of Muslim Women In Western Media Cultural Studies Essay

Portrayal Of Islamic Wo custody In Hesperian Media Cultural Studies EssaySince the odd ment couple of decades, the subjects of Islam, the Moslem community and especially Islamic women seem to cast off dominated the westerly media. It started with the excessive reportage of September 11, the war in Afghanistan and Iraq, the banning of the inter in atomic number 63, to the terrorist attacks and suicide bombers in the Middle atomic number 99. These ar just a few images to name that the westbound societies and countries baffle been bewitching in their daily lives, eventually forming their attitudes, perceptions and suppositions to the highest degree the Moslem land.It all started with Samuel P. Huntington (1997) clangor of Civilizations, according to Macdonald (2006). It was Huntington who came within reach of this problematic relationship between the einsteinium and the western hemisphere. Clash of Civilizations is a part in his book that is called The Rest Vs. The We st. (Macdonald, 2006). by and by the Cold War ended, the desire to search for a new distant ideological threat has emerged to replace the collapse of Communism. Since then, it was predicted by the occidentals experts that the occidental land is facing a new enemy Islam. Macdonald (2006).Huntington notion pointed out that Islam has a noticeable contradictory vision and turningion to the westward ideology, ideas of liberty, and democracy. This phenomenon has been developed and riddle into a discourse and got fully attention of the occidentals (United States, the United Kingdom and its allies) perceptions and its relationships towards the world of the Middle East, the Islamics and Islam. As a result of much(prenominal)(prenominal) phenomenon and ideology, the stereotypical idea that Islam and its followers ar anti-democracy and anti- occidental has give-up the ghost fixed within the minds of the Western society. (Macdonald, 2006).The acts of stereotyping hold stack to respond and be take away in the same trend that is both(prenominal) damaging and prejudiced. The word Arabs is meant to outline a person from the Middle East, it also meant to confront this Arab as terrorist, ignorant, and a person that contradicts with the Western ideologies. In enkindle of the veritableity that these persons atomic number 18 from distinguishable countries, with varied cultures, attitudes, beliefs, and a diversity of religions, they ar typify by angiotensin-converting enzyme word Arabs. (Cheney, 1986).Several movies take up been misrepresenting Arabs men and women through the years. It is has been pointed out by Cheney (1986), that Jack Shaheen, (2003), stated that 900 films done by in the American cinema destineed how Arab men women and children shaped as different and threatening. Hollywood films from 1896 until today portraying Arabs as heartless, enemies, cruel, burglars, extremist in their religion, furious murderers, and ab aimrs of women. ( Cheney, 1986).History shows that since the beginning of cinema, Hollywoods movies have been misrepresenting Arab women. Clearly, film makers did not create these images scarcely inherited Europes pre-existing Arab stereotypes. These images have been created long ago in the eighteenth and 19th centuries, European artists and writers offered fictional versions of women as bathed and submissive exotic objects. As a result, through the time, the stereotype came to be accepted as valid, befitting a permanent part of European popular culture (Cheney, 1986).In his book Reel Bad Arabs, Shaheen noticed that In Arabian Nights fantasies such as The Sheik (1921), Slave Girl (1947), and John Goldfarb, Please flummox Home (1964), Arab women appear as leering out from thin veils, or as unsatisfied, disposable knick-knacks lounging on ornate cushions, scantily-clad harem maidens with bare midriffs, closeted in the palaces womens quarters and/or on dis renovate in slave markets (Shaheen, 200123, cited in Cheney, 1986). The stream tracks in the third millennium. In Disneys remake of Around the knowledge base in Eighty Days (2004), for example, Arnold Schwarzenegger portrays Prince Hapi, a Mideast sheikh with one deoxycytidine monophosphate or so wives. This means that films continue to show Arab adult female as a slave for sex, even though the image of a terrorist dominated after 9/11.A investigate paper aimed to analyze U.S. and international newspaper clauses on Arab and Islamic women from 9/11/01 till 9/11/05, in order to understand how women who wear the veil are represented in western media. It was found that Reporters rarely give women the out look for to speak to look beyond the stereotype and get to know Arab women. Whether oppressed, exploited or turned into a super adult female, that charwoman in the news is more often not caricature of the Arab and Moslem woman in real life. Readers have not yet able to receive a unchanging and accurate representation of the diverse personalities, lives and opinions of these women. (Sakr, 2004).Its been always known that TV shows regularize Western people perceptions and attitudes towards various issues, especially when it comes to issues related to the Middle East and Arabs. So, near of the misperceptions towards Arab women are caused by the flow of information through TV stations. (Kaufer Al Malki 2009)According to Kaufer Al Malki (2009), on the 28th of September 2009, Oprah Winfrey hosted the grace of God Ambassador for the UNICEF the famous Lebanese singer Nancy Ajram on her TV show on CBS station. In that show, Winfrey referred to Lebanon as being deeply conservative and presented a documentary that shows Lebanese women veil like the Afghani ones and compared these women with Nancys Ajram style and terpsichore moves. With no doubt, Oprahs documentary misrepresented Lebanese women and created misconception in the minds of Western people about Lebanese women who are the most modernized women in the region. In fact, Nancy Ajram style and fashion represent a large segment of Lebanese females. Statistics show that 75% of the Lebanese women are un hide and have license of dress they have their full education that exceeds that of men with 44 % compared to 40 % of men.The media is fascinated by the portrayal of Arab women and they way they dress. According to Ahmed (1992), when it comes to portraying Muslim woman, the media in the West seems to be attentive and obsessed by the way they dress which is the veil in particular which has resulted in a big(p) number of reactions and debates. These debates shows that the veil is perceive as a narrow of pagan difference in the Western world as it differentiate Arab women from Western ones. (Ahmed, 1992). Muslim Arab woman are always badly portrayed as the shapeless and ghost women in their Islamic dress .they are rattling confusing the western normal people as its not their good luck that what they are seeing on TV is th at its the fault of the western media.The contradict stereotyping and reactionary reporting have historically typeisationized coverage of Islam and Muslims and have been reflected intelligibly in the theory of Orientalism created by Edward Said in 1978 which states that the East and its populations are considered transposed, barbaric and outsiders to Western society. (Posetty, 2008). As a result, it seems that the media helps in creating the image of the Muslim women as the oppressed other, which will lead to imprecise conclusions, stereotypes and misperceptions of these women. (Macdonald,2006).According to the Orientalist theory, when women are portrayed, they are portrayed as being oppressed, exotic, mysterious, and shy. In addition, the Western media have always been portraying Arabs as violent, stupid, and cruel people that deal out women as objects and that they are marginalized in their own society, and that the East all alike in their image for the West. (Macdonald,2006 ).Therefore, when the Western media frames women as sexual slave and oppressed by men as they are abusing their women, beaten, and humiliated, they are being truthful as this is the image that has been always stuck in the Westerns minds. In fact, the West has been stereotyping Arab women since forever, and they didnt change their look for the Arab women till now. Photographs and French19th Century paintings represented Arab women as property, toy of men, submissive and still, underage on a man who is the only motive for their survival. (kaufer, 2009).Terms such as the veil, the harem, female circumcision helped in the formation of such misconceptions as surface as gave the impression to some of the associated images with the oppressed Muslim woman. The problem is that these perceptions have been incorrectly generalized with no differentiation. (Gwinn, 1997). This problem has made it harder for the veiled Muslim women living in the West, as they tend to suffer more from the bigotr y from the way they dress, in addition, they are hardly accepted in the Western communities. (Mohanty, 2005).Arab women in immigrant communities and who are living in Western societies, are victims of these negative stereotypes and gender based media representations. As Morin (2009), noted that these women face negative media coverage that is based on ethnical misconceptions and the recent political conflicts that have screw up Arab-Western relations. As a result, Arab women in immigrant communities cannot win the fight for better media learning while they continue to be viewed inside the limit of traditional Arab-Islamic stereotypes. (Morin, 2009).As Posetty (2008) stated in his article, in the portrayal of Muslim women, attention is oft focused on the way they dress, with their clothing seen as a symbol of their threatening, alien status. Images of Islamic dress are increasingly used in the media as visual shorthand for dangerous extremism, and Muslims all over Europe are suffe ring from the consequences of such associations. The main problem as Ahmed (1992) pointed out, is that the act of netting among Muslim women or the veil itself is often associated with the lack of traditionality and backwardness that does not fit into the modern society and among Western women who do not need to veil (Ahmed, 1992). This phenomenon suggests that we can reach the other cultural difference and how the West is fascinated with otherness and still continues within the Western media towards the Muslim world (Ahmed, 1992).Ayish (2010) pointed out in his paper that the Western media tends to portray Arab men as aggressive and abusers of women, and that they control women. Media portray that the women is always exhausting her veil, staying at home raising children and only obey her husband who she fears. Newspapers studies has showed that Western illustration of Muslim espousal issues is vague and this is because the lack of the knowledge of foreign cultures and religions One could disagree that the study issue is Islamophobia, many Western journalists, unknown with Islam religion, have a tendency to view the faith as cruel, backward and the contradictory of tolerance. (Ayish, 2010).Morin (2009) stated in his research that stories investigated about Muslim women have shown that Western news reports represents women as the oppressed, mistreated wife, who is obligated to a prearranged marriage by her parents or obligated out of a marriage, and that she is helpless and punishing in both situations.Another disproportionate as stated by Ayish (2010), Sometimes, the Arab Muslim women is represented as the money hunter, who does not think about who she marries as long as the man she is going to marry is mystifying enough to indulge her hunger for money. In these situations on the other hand, Arab Muslim men think with different greed, they are sexually deprived and tends to treat women as sexual objects. The men are also harsh and controlling, performin g with womens feelings and threats women through oral divorce. Women are thus represented by the Western media as weak and have no rights which permit men to lay claim superiority (Ayish, 2010).Dominant images of the veiled Muslim woman are always covered in the Western media to present the Muslim woman as a victim as well(p) as being oppressed. (Ahmed, 1992). The veiled of Arab Muslim women has always been misrepresented by the media as it has became a symbol of the oppression of the Muslim woman. This representation as stated by Ahmed (1992), has been super evoked since the event of the 9/11. As noted in Posetty (2008) research paper, Alison Donnell argues that the September 11 terrorist attacks resulted in media representations of veiling as an object of mystique, exoticness and eroticism and that the veil, or headscarf, is seen as a highly visible sign of a despised difference.The oppression of Muslim women has been regularly used in Western media as suggestive of the barbar ic and pre-modern characteristics of Islam. As Helen Watson comments in her article the image of the veiled Muslim woman seems to be one of the most popular Western ways of representing the problem of Islam. (Posetty, 2008).According to Ahmed (1992), the veil has become the typical symbol of womens oppression in Islam, and is perceived as it creates uncongeniality to Westerns. In fact, the Western media has ignored the fact that veiling as a practice existed before the rise of Islam, especially in Syria and Arabia. It was also a custom among Greeks, Romans, Jews and Assyrians, and not only to Islam. At that time, the veiled Arab woman was perceived as respectable and protected. (Ahmed, 1992).However, as Ahmed (1992) pointed out, the veiled woman is usually represented as having denied pleasure, fun, or bodily self-expression. In some of the Western conceptualizations veiling is used as a means of performing femininity self-exploration and play with identity.With these rising and co ntinuous prejudices against Muslims and, especially, Muslim women, it seems to demonstrate that there is still a huge gap, a barrier that appears to prevent a sense, approval and apprehensiveness towards the Muslim other. And by the other we mean the oppressed, the traditional-bound, the factory-worker, the poor, etc. (Macdonald,2006).As mentioned before, overly the veil, discussions of the circumcision, polygamy, the sharia (Islamic) law, the harem, forced marriages, etc, are just a few issues that have made this aggroup of women fit into the absolute, homogenous oppressed Muslim woman category. (Macdonald,2006).As noted in Falah Nagel (2005) paper, the problem lies when these visual images tend to portray Muslim women as a stereotypical physical body an oppressed figure suffering from a harsh culture. The veil especially is the major estimate that is associated with the limitations and the oppression of Muslim Arab women as it was constantly deployed and replayed again in ou r visually dominated culture. Falah Nagel (2005) argue that the veil is not only representing the oppressed Muslims and Muslim women world, but also the hidden assumption about the superiority of the West in relation to that world. In this case, the figure of the veiled Muslim woman that is being represented through the media, is tending to represent these women as nonoperational victims, muted, untraditional, and oppressed, which therefore creates a cultural-ideological barrier with the Western women. Thus, the problem is that the danger that is resulted from these representations of veiled Muslim women tends to create a division between Western women (as modern, liberated) and eastern women (as backward, oppressed), while also ignoring the diversity of practices, views and experiences of these women. As Falah Nagel (2005) pointed out, it seems important that the question on how to communicate with the other who is culturally and traditionally different has become one of the mo st urgent and immediate agendas within North-South/West-East relations and interactions. What is needed is an sense of this sense of urgency, gaps and barriers that links to the Westerns knowledge of the veiled Muslim woman (Falah Nagel, 2005). As a result, veiled Muslim women become muted and misrepresented.Another major feature found in the Western media especially in denote is the imagined perspectives such as the myths and fantasies Western culture has about Islam, the Muslims, and especially, veiled Muslim women. This means that not only misconceptions and misunderstandings towards Muslim women have been continuous in modern times, but it has also became widespread and universal by the advent of modern technology. (Falah Nagel, 2005).Miladi (2010) pointed out in his research paper that modern images of Muslim women in American advertisements, argues that Western advertisers tend to spread stereotypes and the wrong representations of the veil and Muslim women in order to ap peal to consumers. As a result, advertisers use certain images of Muslim women that have been historically fixed in the Western mind, such as the harem, the hammas (public baths), the mysterious veiled woman or the oppressed woman living under an oppressive ruler or men and use this to attract consumers.The veil especially is itself is considered as an enormous market tool, as marketers often use the veil in order to switch sex. (Miladi, 2010). The use of the oppressed women and the veil in advertisements will make the Western consumers think that by get the advertised product as well as buying the favors of the mysterious woman behind the veil. (Miladi, 2010).The problem as stated by Miladi (2010), is that Westerners are usually buying certain products for buying these imaginary images of the other. As a result, through the continuous and repetitive bodied exposition to the media, a larger collective imagination will continue to be created and produced about this image of the i maginary veiled Muslim woman other. As mentioned by Gwinn (1997), the oppressed veiled Muslim woman in the ads may also be connected to the rising prejudices and debates that surround Muslim women and the veil in the Western world.The oppressed stereotypes of Arab Muslim women as stated by Ahadi (2009), has negative impacts on those women that is very obvious. Stereotypes occur when individuals are classifieds by others as having something in common because they are members of a particular group or category of people. Media stereotyping of women as objects and helpless beings creates very low expectations for societys Arab women. As mentioned by Morin (2009), women living abroad face distinctive discriminations from the Western communities. Western women are always considered as superior to Arab Muslim women especially, the veiled ones. In fact, Arab Muslim women are being oppressed by the negative representations created by the Western media. In addition, these representations may impact on these women psychologically as Western populations perceive the veil as a barrier between them and the veiled women.